Address PR review: cancel on non-EOF copy errors, stricter cap test

- netrelay: only propagate CloseWrite on clean io.EOF; cancel both sides
  on any other copy error so a short write, reset, or broken pipe can't
  leave the opposite direction blocked.
- TestTCPCapPrefersTombstonedForEviction: assert both live pre-cap
  entries survive, not just that the tombstone is gone, so a regression
  that evicts a live entry instead of the tombstone is caught.

Makefile

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ GOLANGCI_LINT := $(shell pwd)/bin/golangci-lint
 $(GOLANGCI_LINT):
 	@echo "Installing golangci-lint..."
 	@mkdir -p ./bin
-	@GOBIN=$(shell pwd)/bin go install github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/cmd/golangci-lint@latest
+	@GOBIN=$(shell pwd)/bin go install github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/v2/cmd/golangci-lint@latest
 
 # Lint only changed files (fast, for pre-push)
 lint: $(GOLANGCI_LINT)

client/android/client.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"slices"
 	"sync"
+	"time"
 
 	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
 
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/device"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/listener"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
@@ -26,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/formatter"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/route"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/domain"
+	types "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/upload-server/types"
 )
 
 // ConnectionListener export internal Listener for mobile
@@ -68,7 +71,30 @@ type Client struct {
 	uiVersion             string
 	networkChangeListener listener.NetworkChangeListener
 
+	stateMu       sync.RWMutex
 	connectClient *internal.ConnectClient
+	config        *profilemanager.Config
+	cacheDir      string
+}
+
+func (c *Client) setState(cfg *profilemanager.Config, cacheDir string, cc *internal.ConnectClient) {
+	c.stateMu.Lock()
+	defer c.stateMu.Unlock()
+	c.config = cfg
+	c.cacheDir = cacheDir
+	c.connectClient = cc
+}
+
+func (c *Client) stateSnapshot() (*profilemanager.Config, string, *internal.ConnectClient) {
+	c.stateMu.RLock()
+	defer c.stateMu.RUnlock()
+	return c.config, c.cacheDir, c.connectClient
+}
+
+func (c *Client) getConnectClient() *internal.ConnectClient {
+	c.stateMu.RLock()
+	defer c.stateMu.RUnlock()
+	return c.connectClient
 }
 
 // NewClient instantiate a new Client
@@ -93,6 +119,7 @@ func (c *Client) Run(platformFiles PlatformFiles, urlOpener URLOpener, isAndroid
 
 	cfgFile := platformFiles.ConfigurationFilePath()
 	stateFile := platformFiles.StateFilePath()
+	cacheDir := platformFiles.CacheDir()
 
 	log.Infof("Starting client with config: %s, state: %s", cfgFile, stateFile)
 
@@ -124,8 +151,9 @@ func (c *Client) Run(platformFiles PlatformFiles, urlOpener URLOpener, isAndroid
 
 	// todo do not throw error in case of cancelled context
 	ctx = internal.CtxInitState(ctx)
-	c.connectClient = internal.NewConnectClient(ctx, cfg, c.recorder)
-	return c.connectClient.RunOnAndroid(c.tunAdapter, c.iFaceDiscover, c.networkChangeListener, slices.Clone(dns.items), dnsReadyListener, stateFile)
+	connectClient := internal.NewConnectClient(ctx, cfg, c.recorder)
+	c.setState(cfg, cacheDir, connectClient)
+	return connectClient.RunOnAndroid(c.tunAdapter, c.iFaceDiscover, c.networkChangeListener, slices.Clone(dns.items), dnsReadyListener, stateFile, cacheDir)
 }
 
 // RunWithoutLogin we apply this type of run function when the backed has been started without UI (i.e. after reboot).
@@ -135,6 +163,7 @@ func (c *Client) RunWithoutLogin(platformFiles PlatformFiles, dns *DNSList, dnsR
 
 	cfgFile := platformFiles.ConfigurationFilePath()
 	stateFile := platformFiles.StateFilePath()
+	cacheDir := platformFiles.CacheDir()
 
 	log.Infof("Starting client without login with config: %s, state: %s", cfgFile, stateFile)
 
@@ -157,8 +186,9 @@ func (c *Client) RunWithoutLogin(platformFiles PlatformFiles, dns *DNSList, dnsR
 
 	// todo do not throw error in case of cancelled context
 	ctx = internal.CtxInitState(ctx)
-	c.connectClient = internal.NewConnectClient(ctx, cfg, c.recorder)
-	return c.connectClient.RunOnAndroid(c.tunAdapter, c.iFaceDiscover, c.networkChangeListener, slices.Clone(dns.items), dnsReadyListener, stateFile)
+	connectClient := internal.NewConnectClient(ctx, cfg, c.recorder)
+	c.setState(cfg, cacheDir, connectClient)
+	return connectClient.RunOnAndroid(c.tunAdapter, c.iFaceDiscover, c.networkChangeListener, slices.Clone(dns.items), dnsReadyListener, stateFile, cacheDir)
 }
 
 // Stop the internal client and free the resources
@@ -173,11 +203,12 @@ func (c *Client) Stop() {
 }
 
 func (c *Client) RenewTun(fd int) error {
-	if c.connectClient == nil {
+	cc := c.getConnectClient()
+	if cc == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("engine not running")
 	}
 
-	e := c.connectClient.Engine()
+	e := cc.Engine()
 	if e == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("engine not initialized")
 	}
@@ -185,6 +216,73 @@ func (c *Client) RenewTun(fd int) error {
 	return e.RenewTun(fd)
 }
 
+// DebugBundle generates a debug bundle, uploads it, and returns the upload key.
+// It works both with and without a running engine.
+func (c *Client) DebugBundle(platformFiles PlatformFiles, anonymize bool) (string, error) {
+	cfg, cacheDir, cc := c.stateSnapshot()
+
+	// If the engine hasn't been started, load config from disk
+	if cfg == nil {
+		var err error
+		cfg, err = profilemanager.UpdateOrCreateConfig(profilemanager.ConfigInput{
+			ConfigPath: platformFiles.ConfigurationFilePath(),
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("load config: %w", err)
+		}
+		cacheDir = platformFiles.CacheDir()
+	}
+
+	deps := debug.GeneratorDependencies{
+		InternalConfig: cfg,
+		StatusRecorder: c.recorder,
+		TempDir:        cacheDir,
+	}
+
+	if cc != nil {
+		resp, err := cc.GetLatestSyncResponse()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("get latest sync response: %v", err)
+		}
+		deps.SyncResponse = resp
+
+		if e := cc.Engine(); e != nil {
+			if cm := e.GetClientMetrics(); cm != nil {
+				deps.ClientMetrics = cm
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	bundleGenerator := debug.NewBundleGenerator(
+		deps,
+		debug.BundleConfig{
+			Anonymize:         anonymize,
+			IncludeSystemInfo: true,
+		},
+	)
+
+	path, err := bundleGenerator.Generate()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("generate debug bundle: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := os.Remove(path); err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("failed to remove debug bundle file: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	uploadCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Minute)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	key, err := debug.UploadDebugBundle(uploadCtx, types.DefaultBundleURL, cfg.ManagementURL.String(), path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("upload debug bundle: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	log.Infof("debug bundle uploaded with key %s", key)
+	return key, nil
+}
+
 // SetTraceLogLevel configure the logger to trace level
 func (c *Client) SetTraceLogLevel() {
 	log.SetLevel(log.TraceLevel)
@@ -214,12 +312,13 @@ func (c *Client) PeersList() *PeerInfoArray {
 }
 
 func (c *Client) Networks() *NetworkArray {
-	if c.connectClient == nil {
+	cc := c.getConnectClient()
+	if cc == nil {
 		log.Error("not connected")
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	engine := c.connectClient.Engine()
+	engine := cc.Engine()
 	if engine == nil {
 		log.Error("could not get engine")
 		return nil
@@ -300,7 +399,7 @@ func (c *Client) toggleRoute(command routeCommand) error {
 }
 
 func (c *Client) getRouteManager() (routemanager.Manager, error) {
-	client := c.connectClient
+	client := c.getConnectClient()
 	if client == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("not connected")
 	}

client/android/platform_files.go

@@ -7,4 +7,5 @@ package android
 type PlatformFiles interface {
 	ConfigurationFilePath() string
 	StateFilePath() string
+	CacheDir() string
 }

client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/cap_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+package conntrack
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestTCPCapEvicts(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv(EnvTCPMaxEntries, "4")
+
+	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
+	defer tracker.Close()
+	require.Equal(t, 4, tracker.maxEntries)
+
+	src := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
+	dst := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
+
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		tracker.TrackOutbound(src, dst, uint16(10000+i), 80, TCPSyn, 0)
+	}
+	require.LessOrEqual(t, len(tracker.connections), 4,
+		"TCP table must not exceed the configured cap")
+	require.Greater(t, len(tracker.connections), 0,
+		"some entries must remain after eviction")
+
+	// The most recently admitted flow must be present: eviction must make
+	// room for new entries, not silently drop them.
+	require.Contains(t, tracker.connections,
+		ConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, SrcPort: uint16(10009), DstPort: 80},
+		"newest TCP flow must be admitted after eviction")
+	// A pre-cap flow must have been evicted to fit the last one.
+	require.NotContains(t, tracker.connections,
+		ConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, SrcPort: uint16(10000), DstPort: 80},
+		"oldest TCP flow should have been evicted")
+}
+
+func TestTCPCapPrefersTombstonedForEviction(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv(EnvTCPMaxEntries, "3")
+
+	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
+	defer tracker.Close()
+
+	src := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
+	dst := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
+
+	// Fill to cap with 3 live connections.
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		tracker.TrackOutbound(src, dst, uint16(20000+i), 80, TCPSyn, 0)
+	}
+	require.Len(t, tracker.connections, 3)
+
+	// Tombstone one by sending RST through IsValidInbound.
+	tombstonedKey := ConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, SrcPort: 20001, DstPort: 80}
+	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dst, src, 80, 20001, TCPRst|TCPAck, 0))
+	require.True(t, tracker.connections[tombstonedKey].IsTombstone())
+
+	// Another live connection forces eviction. The tombstone must go first.
+	tracker.TrackOutbound(src, dst, uint16(29999), 80, TCPSyn, 0)
+
+	_, tombstonedStillPresent := tracker.connections[tombstonedKey]
+	require.False(t, tombstonedStillPresent,
+		"tombstoned entry should be evicted before live entries")
+	require.LessOrEqual(t, len(tracker.connections), 3)
+
+	// Both live pre-cap entries must survive: eviction must prefer the
+	// tombstone, not just satisfy the size bound by dropping any entry.
+	require.Contains(t, tracker.connections,
+		ConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, SrcPort: uint16(20000), DstPort: 80},
+		"live entries must not be evicted while a tombstone exists")
+	require.Contains(t, tracker.connections,
+		ConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, SrcPort: uint16(20002), DstPort: 80},
+		"live entries must not be evicted while a tombstone exists")
+}
+
+func TestUDPCapEvicts(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv(EnvUDPMaxEntries, "5")
+
+	tracker := NewUDPTracker(DefaultUDPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
+	defer tracker.Close()
+	require.Equal(t, 5, tracker.maxEntries)
+
+	src := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
+	dst := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
+
+	for i := 0; i < 12; i++ {
+		tracker.TrackOutbound(src, dst, uint16(30000+i), 53, 0)
+	}
+	require.LessOrEqual(t, len(tracker.connections), 5)
+	require.Greater(t, len(tracker.connections), 0)
+
+	require.Contains(t, tracker.connections,
+		ConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, SrcPort: uint16(30011), DstPort: 53},
+		"newest UDP flow must be admitted after eviction")
+	require.NotContains(t, tracker.connections,
+		ConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, SrcPort: uint16(30000), DstPort: 53},
+		"oldest UDP flow should have been evicted")
+}
+
+func TestICMPCapEvicts(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv(EnvICMPMaxEntries, "3")
+
+	tracker := NewICMPTracker(DefaultICMPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
+	defer tracker.Close()
+	require.Equal(t, 3, tracker.maxEntries)
+
+	src := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
+	dst := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
+
+	echoReq := layers.CreateICMPv4TypeCode(uint8(layers.ICMPv4TypeEchoRequest), 0)
+	for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
+		tracker.TrackOutbound(src, dst, uint16(i), echoReq, nil, 64)
+	}
+	require.LessOrEqual(t, len(tracker.connections), 3)
+	require.Greater(t, len(tracker.connections), 0)
+
+	require.Contains(t, tracker.connections,
+		ICMPConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, ID: uint16(7)},
+		"newest ICMP flow must be admitted after eviction")
+	require.NotContains(t, tracker.connections,
+		ICMPConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, ID: uint16(0)},
+		"oldest ICMP flow should have been evicted")
+}

client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/common.go

@@ -3,14 +3,61 @@ package conntrack
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
+	"os"
+	"strconv"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 
+	nblog "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/uspfilter/log"
 	nftypes "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/netflow/types"
 )
 
+// evictSampleSize bounds how many map entries we scan per eviction call.
+// Keeps eviction O(1) even at cap under sustained load; the sampled-LRU
+// heuristic is good enough for a conntrack table that only overflows under
+// abuse.
+const evictSampleSize = 8
+
+// envDuration parses an os.Getenv(name) as a time.Duration. Falls back to
+// def on empty or invalid; logs a warning on invalid.
+func envDuration(logger *nblog.Logger, name string, def time.Duration) time.Duration {
+	v := os.Getenv(name)
+	if v == "" {
+		return def
+	}
+	d, err := time.ParseDuration(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Warn3("invalid %s=%q: %v, using default", name, v, err)
+		return def
+	}
+	if d <= 0 {
+		logger.Warn2("invalid %s=%q: must be positive, using default", name, v)
+		return def
+	}
+	return d
+}
+
+// envInt parses an os.Getenv(name) as an int. Falls back to def on empty,
+// invalid, or non-positive. Logs a warning on invalid input.
+func envInt(logger *nblog.Logger, name string, def int) int {
+	v := os.Getenv(name)
+	if v == "" {
+		return def
+	}
+	n, err := strconv.Atoi(v)
+	switch {
+	case err != nil:
+		logger.Warn3("invalid %s=%q: %v, using default", name, v, err)
+		return def
+	case n <= 0:
+		logger.Warn2("invalid %s=%q: must be positive, using default", name, v)
+		return def
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
 // BaseConnTrack provides common fields and locking for all connection types
 type BaseConnTrack struct {
 	FlowId    uuid.UUID

client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/defaults_desktop.go

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//go:build !ios && !android
+
+package conntrack
+
+// Default per-tracker entry caps on desktop/server platforms. These mirror
+// typical Linux netfilter nf_conntrack_max territory with ample headroom.
+const (
+	DefaultMaxTCPEntries  = 65536
+	DefaultMaxUDPEntries  = 16384
+	DefaultMaxICMPEntries = 2048
+)

client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/defaults_mobile.go

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//go:build ios || android
+
+package conntrack
+
+// Default per-tracker entry caps on mobile platforms. iOS network extensions
+// are capped at ~50 MB; Android runs under aggressive memory pressure. These
+// values keep conntrack footprint well under 5 MB worst case (TCPConnTrack
+// is ~200 B plus map overhead).
+const (
+	DefaultMaxTCPEntries  = 4096
+	DefaultMaxUDPEntries  = 2048
+	DefaultMaxICMPEntries = 512
+)

client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/icmp.go

@@ -44,6 +44,9 @@ type ICMPConnTrack struct {
 	ICMPCode uint8
 }
 
+// EnvICMPMaxEntries caps the ICMP conntrack table size.
+const EnvICMPMaxEntries = "NB_CONNTRACK_ICMP_MAX"
+
 // ICMPTracker manages ICMP connection states
 type ICMPTracker struct {
 	logger        *nblog.Logger
@@ -52,6 +55,7 @@ type ICMPTracker struct {
 	cleanupTicker *time.Ticker
 	tickerCancel  context.CancelFunc
 	mutex         sync.RWMutex
+	maxEntries    int
 	flowLogger    nftypes.FlowLogger
 }
 
@@ -135,6 +139,7 @@ func NewICMPTracker(timeout time.Duration, logger *nblog.Logger, flowLogger nfty
 		timeout:       timeout,
 		cleanupTicker: time.NewTicker(ICMPCleanupInterval),
 		tickerCancel:  cancel,
+		maxEntries:    envInt(logger, EnvICMPMaxEntries, DefaultMaxICMPEntries),
 		flowLogger:    flowLogger,
 	}
 
@@ -221,7 +226,9 @@ func (t *ICMPTracker) track(
 
 	// non echo requests don't need tracking
 	if typ != uint8(layers.ICMPv4TypeEchoRequest) {
-		t.logger.Trace3("New %s ICMP connection %s - %s", direction, key, icmpInfo)
+		if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+			t.logger.Trace3("New %s ICMP connection %s - %s", direction, key, icmpInfo)
+		}
 		t.sendStartEvent(direction, srcIP, dstIP, typ, code, ruleId, size)
 		return
 	}
@@ -240,10 +247,15 @@ func (t *ICMPTracker) track(
 	conn.UpdateCounters(direction, size)
 
 	t.mutex.Lock()
+	if t.maxEntries > 0 && len(t.connections) >= t.maxEntries {
+		t.evictOneLocked()
+	}
 	t.connections[key] = conn
 	t.mutex.Unlock()
 
-	t.logger.Trace3("New %s ICMP connection %s - %s", direction, key, icmpInfo)
+	if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		t.logger.Trace3("New %s ICMP connection %s - %s", direction, key, icmpInfo)
+	}
 	t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeStart, conn, ruleId)
 }
 
@@ -286,6 +298,34 @@ func (t *ICMPTracker) cleanupRoutine(ctx context.Context) {
 	}
 }
 
+// evictOneLocked removes one entry to make room. Caller must hold t.mutex.
+// Bounded sample scan: picks the oldest among up to evictSampleSize entries.
+func (t *ICMPTracker) evictOneLocked() {
+	var candKey ICMPConnKey
+	var candSeen int64
+	haveCand := false
+	sampled := 0
+
+	for k, c := range t.connections {
+		seen := c.lastSeen.Load()
+		if !haveCand || seen < candSeen {
+			candKey = k
+			candSeen = seen
+			haveCand = true
+		}
+		sampled++
+		if sampled >= evictSampleSize {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if haveCand {
+		if evicted := t.connections[candKey]; evicted != nil {
+			t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, evicted, nil)
+		}
+		delete(t.connections, candKey)
+	}
+}
+
 func (t *ICMPTracker) cleanup() {
 	t.mutex.Lock()
 	defer t.mutex.Unlock()
@@ -294,8 +334,10 @@ func (t *ICMPTracker) cleanup() {
 		if conn.timeoutExceeded(t.timeout) {
 			delete(t.connections, key)
 
-			t.logger.Trace5("Removed ICMP connection %s (timeout) [in: %d Pkts/%d B out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
-				key, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
+			if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+				t.logger.Trace5("Removed ICMP connection %s (timeout) [in: %d Pkts/%d B out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
+					key, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
+			}
 			t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
 		}
 	}

client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/tcp.go

@@ -38,6 +38,27 @@ const (
 	TCPHandshakeTimeout = 60 * time.Second
 	// TCPCleanupInterval is how often we check for stale connections
 	TCPCleanupInterval = 5 * time.Minute
+	// FinWaitTimeout bounds FIN_WAIT_1 / FIN_WAIT_2 / CLOSING states.
+	// Matches Linux netfilter nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_fin_wait.
+	FinWaitTimeout = 60 * time.Second
+	// CloseWaitTimeout bounds CLOSE_WAIT. Matches Linux default; apps
+	// holding CloseWait longer than this should bump the env var.
+	CloseWaitTimeout = 60 * time.Second
+	// LastAckTimeout bounds LAST_ACK. Matches Linux default.
+	LastAckTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+)
+
+// Env vars to override per-state teardown timeouts. Values parsed by
+// time.ParseDuration (e.g. "120s", "2m"). Invalid values fall back to the
+// defaults above with a warning.
+const (
+	EnvTCPFinWaitTimeout   = "NB_CONNTRACK_TCP_FIN_WAIT_TIMEOUT"
+	EnvTCPCloseWaitTimeout = "NB_CONNTRACK_TCP_CLOSE_WAIT_TIMEOUT"
+	EnvTCPLastAckTimeout   = "NB_CONNTRACK_TCP_LAST_ACK_TIMEOUT"
+
+	// EnvTCPMaxEntries caps the TCP conntrack table size. Oldest entries
+	// (tombstones first) are evicted when the cap is reached.
+	EnvTCPMaxEntries = "NB_CONNTRACK_TCP_MAX"
 )
 
 // TCPState represents the state of a TCP connection
@@ -133,14 +154,18 @@ func (t *TCPConnTrack) SetTombstone() {
 
 // TCPTracker manages TCP connection states
 type TCPTracker struct {
-	logger        *nblog.Logger
-	connections   map[ConnKey]*TCPConnTrack
-	mutex         sync.RWMutex
-	cleanupTicker *time.Ticker
-	tickerCancel  context.CancelFunc
-	timeout       time.Duration
-	waitTimeout   time.Duration
-	flowLogger    nftypes.FlowLogger
+	logger           *nblog.Logger
+	connections      map[ConnKey]*TCPConnTrack
+	mutex            sync.RWMutex
+	cleanupTicker    *time.Ticker
+	tickerCancel     context.CancelFunc
+	timeout          time.Duration
+	waitTimeout      time.Duration
+	finWaitTimeout   time.Duration
+	closeWaitTimeout time.Duration
+	lastAckTimeout   time.Duration
+	maxEntries       int
+	flowLogger       nftypes.FlowLogger
 }
 
 // NewTCPTracker creates a new TCP connection tracker
@@ -155,13 +180,17 @@ func NewTCPTracker(timeout time.Duration, logger *nblog.Logger, flowLogger nftyp
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 
 	tracker := &TCPTracker{
-		logger:        logger,
-		connections:   make(map[ConnKey]*TCPConnTrack),
-		cleanupTicker: time.NewTicker(TCPCleanupInterval),
-		tickerCancel:  cancel,
-		timeout:       timeout,
-		waitTimeout:   waitTimeout,
-		flowLogger:    flowLogger,
+		logger:           logger,
+		connections:      make(map[ConnKey]*TCPConnTrack),
+		cleanupTicker:    time.NewTicker(TCPCleanupInterval),
+		tickerCancel:     cancel,
+		timeout:          timeout,
+		waitTimeout:      waitTimeout,
+		finWaitTimeout:   envDuration(logger, EnvTCPFinWaitTimeout, FinWaitTimeout),
+		closeWaitTimeout: envDuration(logger, EnvTCPCloseWaitTimeout, CloseWaitTimeout),
+		lastAckTimeout:   envDuration(logger, EnvTCPLastAckTimeout, LastAckTimeout),
+		maxEntries:       envInt(logger, EnvTCPMaxEntries, DefaultMaxTCPEntries),
+		flowLogger:       flowLogger,
 	}
 
 	go tracker.cleanupRoutine(ctx)
@@ -209,6 +238,12 @@ func (t *TCPTracker) track(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort, dstPort uint16, fla
 	if exists || flags&TCPSyn == 0 {
 		return
 	}
+	// Reject illegal SYN combinations (SYN+FIN, SYN+RST, …) so they don't
+	// create spurious conntrack entries. Not mandated by RFC 9293 but a
+	// common hardening (Linux netfilter/nftables rejects these too).
+	if !isValidFlagCombination(flags) {
+		return
+	}
 
 	conn := &TCPConnTrack{
 		BaseConnTrack: BaseConnTrack{
@@ -225,20 +260,65 @@ func (t *TCPTracker) track(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort, dstPort uint16, fla
 	conn.state.Store(int32(TCPStateNew))
 	conn.DNATOrigPort.Store(uint32(origPort))
 
-	if origPort != 0 {
-		t.logger.Trace4("New %s TCP connection: %s (port DNAT %d -> %d)", direction, key, origPort, dstPort)
-	} else {
-		t.logger.Trace2("New %s TCP connection: %s", direction, key)
+	if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		if origPort != 0 {
+			t.logger.Trace4("New %s TCP connection: %s (port DNAT %d -> %d)", direction, key, origPort, dstPort)
+		} else {
+			t.logger.Trace2("New %s TCP connection: %s", direction, key)
+		}
 	}
 	t.updateState(key, conn, flags, direction, size)
 
 	t.mutex.Lock()
+	if t.maxEntries > 0 && len(t.connections) >= t.maxEntries {
+		t.evictOneLocked()
+	}
 	t.connections[key] = conn
 	t.mutex.Unlock()
 
 	t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeStart, conn, ruleID)
 }
 
+// evictOneLocked removes one entry to make room. Caller must hold t.mutex.
+// Bounded scan: samples up to evictSampleSize pseudo-random entries (Go map
+// iteration order is randomized), preferring a tombstone. If no tombstone
+// found in the sample, evicts the oldest among the sampled entries. O(1)
+// worst case — cheap enough to run on every insert at cap during abuse.
+func (t *TCPTracker) evictOneLocked() {
+	var candKey ConnKey
+	var candSeen int64
+	haveCand := false
+	sampled := 0
+
+	for k, c := range t.connections {
+		if c.IsTombstone() {
+			delete(t.connections, k)
+			return
+		}
+		seen := c.lastSeen.Load()
+		if !haveCand || seen < candSeen {
+			candKey = k
+			candSeen = seen
+			haveCand = true
+		}
+		sampled++
+		if sampled >= evictSampleSize {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if haveCand {
+		if evicted := t.connections[candKey]; evicted != nil {
+			// TypeEnd is already emitted at the state transition to
+			// TimeWait and when a connection is tombstoned. Only emit
+			// here when we're reaping a still-active flow.
+			if evicted.GetState() != TCPStateTimeWait && !evicted.IsTombstone() {
+				t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, evicted, nil)
+			}
+		}
+		delete(t.connections, candKey)
+	}
+}
+
 // IsValidInbound checks if an inbound TCP packet matches a tracked connection
 func (t *TCPTracker) IsValidInbound(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort, dstPort uint16, flags uint8, size int) bool {
 	key := ConnKey{
@@ -256,12 +336,19 @@ func (t *TCPTracker) IsValidInbound(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort, dstPort ui
 		return false
 	}
 
+	// Reject illegal flag combinations regardless of state. These never belong
+	// to a legitimate flow and must not advance or tear down state.
+	if !isValidFlagCombination(flags) {
+		if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelWarn) {
+			t.logger.Warn3("TCP illegal flag combination %x for connection %s (state %s)", flags, key, conn.GetState())
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+
 	currentState := conn.GetState()
 	if !t.isValidStateForFlags(currentState, flags) {
-		t.logger.Warn3("TCP state %s is not valid with flags %x for connection %s", currentState, flags, key)
-		// allow all flags for established for now
-		if currentState == TCPStateEstablished {
-			return true
+		if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelWarn) {
+			t.logger.Warn3("TCP state %s is not valid with flags %x for connection %s", currentState, flags, key)
 		}
 		return false
 	}
@@ -270,116 +357,208 @@ func (t *TCPTracker) IsValidInbound(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort, dstPort ui
 	return true
 }
 
-// updateState updates the TCP connection state based on flags
+// updateState updates the TCP connection state based on flags.
 func (t *TCPTracker) updateState(key ConnKey, conn *TCPConnTrack, flags uint8, packetDir nftypes.Direction, size int) {
-	conn.UpdateLastSeen()
 	conn.UpdateCounters(packetDir, size)
 
+	// Malformed flag combinations must not refresh lastSeen or drive state,
+	// otherwise spoofed packets keep a dead flow alive past its timeout.
+	if !isValidFlagCombination(flags) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	conn.UpdateLastSeen()
+
 	currentState := conn.GetState()
 
 	if flags&TCPRst != 0 {
-		if conn.CompareAndSwapState(currentState, TCPStateClosed) {
-			conn.SetTombstone()
-			t.logger.Trace6("TCP connection reset: %s (dir: %s) [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
-				key, packetDir, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
-			t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
-		}
+		// Hardening beyond RFC 9293 §3.10.7.4: without sequence tracking we
+		// cannot apply the RFC 5961 in-window RST check, so we conservatively
+		// reject RSTs that the spec would accept (TIME-WAIT with in-window
+		// SEQ, SynSent from same direction as own SYN, etc.).
+		t.handleRst(key, conn, currentState, packetDir)
 		return
 	}
 
-	var newState TCPState
-	switch currentState {
-	case TCPStateNew:
-		if flags&TCPSyn != 0 && flags&TCPAck == 0 {
-			if conn.Direction == nftypes.Egress {
-				newState = TCPStateSynSent
-			} else {
-				newState = TCPStateSynReceived
-			}
-		}
+	newState := nextState(currentState, conn.Direction, packetDir, flags)
+	if newState == 0 || !conn.CompareAndSwapState(currentState, newState) {
+		return
+	}
+	t.onTransition(key, conn, currentState, newState, packetDir)
+}
 
-	case TCPStateSynSent:
-		if flags&TCPSyn != 0 && flags&TCPAck != 0 {
-			if packetDir != conn.Direction {
-				newState = TCPStateEstablished
-			} else {
-				// Simultaneous open
-				newState = TCPStateSynReceived
-			}
-		}
+// handleRst processes a RST segment. Late RSTs in TimeWait and spoofed RSTs
+// from the SYN direction are ignored; otherwise the flow is tombstoned.
+func (t *TCPTracker) handleRst(key ConnKey, conn *TCPConnTrack, currentState TCPState, packetDir nftypes.Direction) {
+	// TimeWait exists to absorb late segments; don't let a late RST
+	// tombstone the entry and break same-4-tuple reuse.
+	if currentState == TCPStateTimeWait {
+		return
+	}
+	// A RST from the same direction as the SYN cannot be a legitimate
+	// response and must not tear down a half-open connection.
+	if currentState == TCPStateSynSent && packetDir == conn.Direction {
+		return
+	}
+	if !conn.CompareAndSwapState(currentState, TCPStateClosed) {
+		return
+	}
+	conn.SetTombstone()
+	if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		t.logger.Trace6("TCP connection reset: %s (dir: %s) [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
+			key, packetDir, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
+	}
+	t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
+}
 
-	case TCPStateSynReceived:
-		if flags&TCPAck != 0 && flags&TCPSyn == 0 {
-			if packetDir == conn.Direction {
-				newState = TCPStateEstablished
-			}
-		}
+// stateTransition describes one state's transition logic. It receives the
+// packet's flags plus whether the packet direction matches the connection's
+// origin direction (same=true means same side as the SYN initiator). Return 0
+// for no transition.
+type stateTransition func(flags uint8, connDir nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState
 
-	case TCPStateEstablished:
-		if flags&TCPFin != 0 {
-			if packetDir == conn.Direction {
-				newState = TCPStateFinWait1
-			} else {
-				newState = TCPStateCloseWait
-			}
-		}
+// stateTable maps each state to its transition function. Centralized here so
+// nextState stays trivial and each rule is easy to read in isolation.
+var stateTable = map[TCPState]stateTransition{
+	TCPStateNew:         transNew,
+	TCPStateSynSent:     transSynSent,
+	TCPStateSynReceived: transSynReceived,
+	TCPStateEstablished: transEstablished,
+	TCPStateFinWait1:    transFinWait1,
+	TCPStateFinWait2:    transFinWait2,
+	TCPStateClosing:     transClosing,
+	TCPStateCloseWait:   transCloseWait,
+	TCPStateLastAck:     transLastAck,
+}
 
-	case TCPStateFinWait1:
-		if packetDir != conn.Direction {
-			switch {
-			case flags&TCPFin != 0 && flags&TCPAck != 0:
-				newState = TCPStateClosing
-			case flags&TCPFin != 0:
-				newState = TCPStateClosing
-			case flags&TCPAck != 0:
-				newState = TCPStateFinWait2
-			}
-		}
+// nextState returns the target TCP state for the given current state and
+// packet, or 0 if the packet does not trigger a transition.
+func nextState(currentState TCPState, connDir, packetDir nftypes.Direction, flags uint8) TCPState {
+	fn, ok := stateTable[currentState]
+	if !ok {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return fn(flags, connDir, packetDir == connDir)
+}
 
-	case TCPStateFinWait2:
-		if flags&TCPFin != 0 {
-			newState = TCPStateTimeWait
+func transNew(flags uint8, connDir nftypes.Direction, _ bool) TCPState {
+	if flags&TCPSyn != 0 && flags&TCPAck == 0 {
+		if connDir == nftypes.Egress {
+			return TCPStateSynSent
 		}
+		return TCPStateSynReceived
+	}
+	return 0
+}
 
-	case TCPStateClosing:
-		if flags&TCPAck != 0 {
-			newState = TCPStateTimeWait
+func transSynSent(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
+	if flags&TCPSyn != 0 && flags&TCPAck != 0 {
+		if same {
+			return TCPStateSynReceived // simultaneous open
 		}
+		return TCPStateEstablished
+	}
+	return 0
+}
 
-	case TCPStateCloseWait:
-		if flags&TCPFin != 0 {
-			newState = TCPStateLastAck
-		}
+func transSynReceived(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
+	if flags&TCPAck != 0 && flags&TCPSyn == 0 && same {
+		return TCPStateEstablished
+	}
+	return 0
+}
 
-	case TCPStateLastAck:
-		if flags&TCPAck != 0 {
-			newState = TCPStateClosed
-		}
+func transEstablished(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
+	if flags&TCPFin == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	if same {
+		return TCPStateFinWait1
+	}
+	return TCPStateCloseWait
+}
+
+// transFinWait1 handles the active-close peer response. A FIN carrying our
+// ACK piggybacked goes straight to TIME-WAIT (RFC 9293 §3.10.7.4, FIN-WAIT-1:
+// "if our FIN has been ACKed... enter the TIME-WAIT state"); a lone FIN moves
+// to CLOSING; a pure ACK of our FIN moves to FIN-WAIT-2.
+func transFinWait1(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
+	if same {
+		return 0
+	}
+	if flags&TCPFin != 0 && flags&TCPAck != 0 {
+		return TCPStateTimeWait
+	}
+	switch {
+	case flags&TCPFin != 0:
+		return TCPStateClosing
+	case flags&TCPAck != 0:
+		return TCPStateFinWait2
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// transFinWait2 ignores own-side FIN retransmits; only the peer's FIN advances.
+func transFinWait2(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
+	if flags&TCPFin != 0 && !same {
+		return TCPStateTimeWait
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// transClosing completes a simultaneous close on the peer's ACK.
+func transClosing(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
+	if flags&TCPAck != 0 && !same {
+		return TCPStateTimeWait
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// transCloseWait only advances to LastAck when WE send FIN, ignoring peer retransmits.
+func transCloseWait(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
+	if flags&TCPFin != 0 && same {
+		return TCPStateLastAck
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// transLastAck closes the flow only on the peer's ACK (not our own ACK retransmits).
+func transLastAck(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
+	if flags&TCPAck != 0 && !same {
+		return TCPStateClosed
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// onTransition handles logging and flow-event emission after a successful
+// state transition. TimeWait and Closed are terminal for flow accounting.
+func (t *TCPTracker) onTransition(key ConnKey, conn *TCPConnTrack, from, to TCPState, packetDir nftypes.Direction) {
+	traceOn := t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace)
+	if traceOn {
+		t.logger.Trace4("TCP connection %s transitioned from %s to %s (dir: %s)", key, from, to, packetDir)
 	}
 
-	if newState != 0 && conn.CompareAndSwapState(currentState, newState) {
-		t.logger.Trace4("TCP connection %s transitioned from %s to %s (dir: %s)", key, currentState, newState, packetDir)
-
-		switch newState {
-		case TCPStateTimeWait:
+	switch to {
+	case TCPStateTimeWait:
+		if traceOn {
 			t.logger.Trace5("TCP connection %s completed [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
 				key, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
-			t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
-
-		case TCPStateClosed:
-			conn.SetTombstone()
+		}
+		t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
+	case TCPStateClosed:
+		conn.SetTombstone()
+		if traceOn {
 			t.logger.Trace5("TCP connection %s closed gracefully [in: %d Pkts/%d, B out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
 				key, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
-			t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
 		}
+		t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
 	}
 }
 
-// isValidStateForFlags checks if the TCP flags are valid for the current connection state
+// isValidStateForFlags checks if the TCP flags are valid for the current
+// connection state. Caller must have already verified the flag combination is
+// legal via isValidFlagCombination.
 func (t *TCPTracker) isValidStateForFlags(state TCPState, flags uint8) bool {
-	if !isValidFlagCombination(flags) {
-		return false
-	}
 	if flags&TCPRst != 0 {
 		if state == TCPStateSynSent {
 			return flags&TCPAck != 0
@@ -449,15 +628,24 @@ func (t *TCPTracker) cleanup() {
 			timeout = t.waitTimeout
 		case TCPStateEstablished:
 			timeout = t.timeout
+		case TCPStateFinWait1, TCPStateFinWait2, TCPStateClosing:
+			timeout = t.finWaitTimeout
+		case TCPStateCloseWait:
+			timeout = t.closeWaitTimeout
+		case TCPStateLastAck:
+			timeout = t.lastAckTimeout
 		default:
+			// SynSent / SynReceived / New
 			timeout = TCPHandshakeTimeout
 		}
 
 		if conn.timeoutExceeded(timeout) {
 			delete(t.connections, key)
 
-			t.logger.Trace6("Cleaned up timed-out TCP connection %s (%s) [in: %d Pkts/%d, B out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
-				key, conn.GetState(), conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
+			if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+				t.logger.Trace6("Cleaned up timed-out TCP connection %s (%s) [in: %d Pkts/%d, B out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
+					key, conn.GetState(), conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
+			}
 
 			// event already handled by state change
 			if currentState != TCPStateTimeWait {

client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/tcp_rst_bugs_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package conntrack
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// RST hygiene tests: the tracker currently closes the flow on any RST that
+// matches the 4-tuple, regardless of direction or state. These tests cover
+// the minimum checks we want (no SEQ tracking).
+
+func TestTCPRstInSynSentWrongDirection(t *testing.T) {
+	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
+	defer tracker.Close()
+
+	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
+	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
+	srcPort := uint16(12345)
+	dstPort := uint16(80)
+	key := ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}
+
+	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPSyn, 0)
+	conn := tracker.connections[key]
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateSynSent, conn.GetState())
+
+	// A RST arriving in the same direction as the SYN (i.e. TrackOutbound)
+	// cannot be a legitimate response. It must not close the connection.
+	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPRst|TCPAck, 0)
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateSynSent, conn.GetState(),
+		"RST in same direction as SYN must not close connection")
+	require.False(t, conn.IsTombstone())
+}
+
+func TestTCPRstInTimeWaitIgnored(t *testing.T) {
+	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
+	defer tracker.Close()
+
+	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
+	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
+	srcPort := uint16(12345)
+	dstPort := uint16(80)
+	key := ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}
+
+	// Drive to TIME-WAIT via active close.
+	establishConnection(t, tracker, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
+	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
+	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPAck, 0))
+	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0))
+	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPAck, 0)
+
+	conn := tracker.connections[key]
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateTimeWait, conn.GetState())
+	require.False(t, conn.IsTombstone(), "TIME-WAIT must not be tombstoned")
+
+	// Late RST during TIME-WAIT must not tombstone the entry (TIME-WAIT
+	// exists to absorb late segments).
+	tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPRst, 0)
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateTimeWait, conn.GetState(),
+		"RST in TIME-WAIT must not transition state")
+	require.False(t, conn.IsTombstone(),
+		"RST in TIME-WAIT must not tombstone the entry")
+}
+
+func TestTCPIllegalFlagCombos(t *testing.T) {
+	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
+	defer tracker.Close()
+
+	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
+	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
+	srcPort := uint16(12345)
+	dstPort := uint16(80)
+	key := ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}
+
+	establishConnection(t, tracker, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
+	conn := tracker.connections[key]
+
+	// Illegal combos must be rejected and must not change state.
+	combos := []struct {
+		name  string
+		flags uint8
+	}{
+		{"SYN+RST", TCPSyn | TCPRst},
+		{"FIN+RST", TCPFin | TCPRst},
+		{"SYN+FIN", TCPSyn | TCPFin},
+		{"SYN+FIN+RST", TCPSyn | TCPFin | TCPRst},
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range combos {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			before := conn.GetState()
+			valid := tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, c.flags, 0)
+			require.False(t, valid, "illegal flag combo must be rejected: %s", c.name)
+			require.Equal(t, before, conn.GetState(),
+				"illegal flag combo must not change state")
+			require.False(t, conn.IsTombstone())
+		})
+	}
+}

client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/tcp_state_bugs_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+package conntrack
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// These tests exercise cases where the TCP state machine currently advances
+// on retransmitted or wrong-direction segments and tears the flow down
+// prematurely. They are expected to fail until the direction checks are added.
+
+func TestTCPCloseWaitRetransmittedPeerFIN(t *testing.T) {
+	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
+	defer tracker.Close()
+
+	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
+	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
+	srcPort := uint16(12345)
+	dstPort := uint16(80)
+	key := ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}
+
+	establishConnection(t, tracker, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
+
+	// Peer sends FIN -> CloseWait (our app has not yet closed).
+	valid := tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
+	require.True(t, valid)
+	conn := tracker.connections[key]
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateCloseWait, conn.GetState())
+
+	// Peer retransmits their FIN (ACK may have been delayed). We have NOT
+	// sent our FIN yet, so state must remain CloseWait.
+	valid = tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
+	require.True(t, valid, "retransmitted peer FIN must still be accepted")
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateCloseWait, conn.GetState(),
+		"retransmitted peer FIN must not advance CloseWait to LastAck")
+
+	// Our app finally closes -> LastAck.
+	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateLastAck, conn.GetState())
+
+	// Peer ACK closes.
+	valid = tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPAck, 0)
+	require.True(t, valid)
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateClosed, conn.GetState())
+}
+
+func TestTCPFinWait2RetransmittedOwnFIN(t *testing.T) {
+	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
+	defer tracker.Close()
+
+	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
+	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
+	srcPort := uint16(12345)
+	dstPort := uint16(80)
+	key := ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}
+
+	establishConnection(t, tracker, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
+
+	// We initiate close.
+	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
+	valid := tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPAck, 0)
+	require.True(t, valid)
+	conn := tracker.connections[key]
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateFinWait2, conn.GetState())
+
+	// Stray retransmit of our own FIN (same direction as originator) must
+	// NOT advance FinWait2 to TimeWait; only the peer's FIN should.
+	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateFinWait2, conn.GetState(),
+		"own FIN retransmit must not advance FinWait2 to TimeWait")
+
+	// Peer FIN -> TimeWait.
+	valid = tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
+	require.True(t, valid)
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateTimeWait, conn.GetState())
+}
+
+func TestTCPLastAckDirectionCheck(t *testing.T) {
+	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
+	defer tracker.Close()
+
+	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
+	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
+	srcPort := uint16(12345)
+	dstPort := uint16(80)
+	key := ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}
+
+	establishConnection(t, tracker, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
+
+	// Drive to LastAck: peer FIN -> CloseWait, our FIN -> LastAck.
+	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0))
+	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
+	conn := tracker.connections[key]
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateLastAck, conn.GetState())
+
+	// Our own ACK retransmit (same direction as originator) must NOT close.
+	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPAck, 0)
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateLastAck, conn.GetState(),
+		"own ACK retransmit in LastAck must not transition to Closed")
+
+	// Peer's ACK -> Closed.
+	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPAck, 0))
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateClosed, conn.GetState())
+}
+
+func TestTCPFinWait1OwnAckDoesNotAdvance(t *testing.T) {
+	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
+	defer tracker.Close()
+
+	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
+	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
+	srcPort := uint16(12345)
+	dstPort := uint16(80)
+	key := ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}
+
+	establishConnection(t, tracker, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
+
+	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
+	conn := tracker.connections[key]
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateFinWait1, conn.GetState())
+
+	// Our own ACK retransmit (same direction as originator) must not advance.
+	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPAck, 0)
+	require.Equal(t, TCPStateFinWait1, conn.GetState(),
+		"own ACK in FinWait1 must not advance to FinWait2")
+}
+
+func TestTCPPerStateTeardownTimeouts(t *testing.T) {
+	// Verify cleanup reaps entries in each teardown state at the configured
+	// per-state timeout, not at the single handshake timeout.
+	t.Setenv(EnvTCPFinWaitTimeout, "50ms")
+	t.Setenv(EnvTCPCloseWaitTimeout, "80ms")
+	t.Setenv(EnvTCPLastAckTimeout, "30ms")
+
+	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
+	dstPort := uint16(80)
+
+	// Drives a connection to the target state, forces its lastSeen well
+	// beyond the configured timeout, runs cleanup, and asserts reaping.
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		// drive takes a fresh tracker and returns the conn key after
+		// transitioning the flow into the intended teardown state.
+		drive func(t *testing.T, tr *TCPTracker, srcIP netip.Addr, srcPort uint16) (ConnKey, TCPState)
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "FinWait1",
+			drive: func(t *testing.T, tr *TCPTracker, srcIP netip.Addr, srcPort uint16) (ConnKey, TCPState) {
+				establishConnection(t, tr, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
+				tr.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0) // → FinWait1
+				return ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}, TCPStateFinWait1
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "FinWait2",
+			drive: func(t *testing.T, tr *TCPTracker, srcIP netip.Addr, srcPort uint16) (ConnKey, TCPState) {
+				establishConnection(t, tr, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
+				tr.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)              // FinWait1
+				require.True(t, tr.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPAck, 0))   // → FinWait2
+				return ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}, TCPStateFinWait2
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "CloseWait",
+			drive: func(t *testing.T, tr *TCPTracker, srcIP netip.Addr, srcPort uint16) (ConnKey, TCPState) {
+				establishConnection(t, tr, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
+				require.True(t, tr.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)) // → CloseWait
+				return ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}, TCPStateCloseWait
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "LastAck",
+			drive: func(t *testing.T, tr *TCPTracker, srcIP netip.Addr, srcPort uint16) (ConnKey, TCPState) {
+				establishConnection(t, tr, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
+				require.True(t, tr.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)) // CloseWait
+				tr.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)                   // → LastAck
+				return ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}, TCPStateLastAck
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Use a unique source port per subtest so nothing aliases.
+	port := uint16(12345)
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
+			defer tracker.Close()
+
+			require.Equal(t, 50*time.Millisecond, tracker.finWaitTimeout)
+			require.Equal(t, 80*time.Millisecond, tracker.closeWaitTimeout)
+			require.Equal(t, 30*time.Millisecond, tracker.lastAckTimeout)
+
+			srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
+			port++
+			key, wantState := c.drive(t, tracker, srcIP, port)
+			conn := tracker.connections[key]
+			require.NotNil(t, conn)
+			require.Equal(t, wantState, conn.GetState())
+
+			// Age the entry past the largest per-state timeout.
+			conn.lastSeen.Store(time.Now().Add(-500 * time.Millisecond).UnixNano())
+			tracker.cleanup()
+			_, exists := tracker.connections[key]
+			require.False(t, exists, "%s entry should be reaped", c.name)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTCPEstablishedPSHACKInFinStates(t *testing.T) {
+	// Verifies FIN|PSH|ACK and bare ACK keepalives are not dropped in FIN
+	// teardown states, which some stacks emit during close.
+	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
+	defer tracker.Close()
+
+	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
+	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
+	srcPort := uint16(12345)
+	dstPort := uint16(80)
+
+	establishConnection(t, tracker, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
+
+	// Peer FIN -> CloseWait.
+	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0))
+
+	// Peer pushes trailing data + FIN|PSH|ACK (legal).
+	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPPush|TCPAck, 100),
+		"FIN|PSH|ACK in CloseWait must be accepted")
+
+	// Bare ACK keepalive from peer in CloseWait must be accepted.
+	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPAck, 0),
+		"bare ACK in CloseWait must be accepted")
+}

client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/udp.go

@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ const (
 	DefaultUDPTimeout = 30 * time.Second
 	// UDPCleanupInterval is how often we check for stale connections
 	UDPCleanupInterval = 15 * time.Second
+
+	// EnvUDPMaxEntries caps the UDP conntrack table size.
+	EnvUDPMaxEntries = "NB_CONNTRACK_UDP_MAX"
 )
 
 // UDPConnTrack represents a UDP connection state
@@ -34,6 +37,7 @@ type UDPTracker struct {
 	cleanupTicker *time.Ticker
 	tickerCancel  context.CancelFunc
 	mutex         sync.RWMutex
+	maxEntries    int
 	flowLogger    nftypes.FlowLogger
 }
 
@@ -51,6 +55,7 @@ func NewUDPTracker(timeout time.Duration, logger *nblog.Logger, flowLogger nftyp
 		timeout:       timeout,
 		cleanupTicker: time.NewTicker(UDPCleanupInterval),
 		tickerCancel:  cancel,
+		maxEntries:    envInt(logger, EnvUDPMaxEntries, DefaultMaxUDPEntries),
 		flowLogger:    flowLogger,
 	}
 
@@ -117,13 +122,18 @@ func (t *UDPTracker) track(srcIP netip.Addr, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort uint16, d
 	conn.UpdateCounters(direction, size)
 
 	t.mutex.Lock()
+	if t.maxEntries > 0 && len(t.connections) >= t.maxEntries {
+		t.evictOneLocked()
+	}
 	t.connections[key] = conn
 	t.mutex.Unlock()
 
-	if origPort != 0 {
-		t.logger.Trace4("New %s UDP connection: %s (port DNAT %d -> %d)", direction, key, origPort, dstPort)
-	} else {
-		t.logger.Trace2("New %s UDP connection: %s", direction, key)
+	if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		if origPort != 0 {
+			t.logger.Trace4("New %s UDP connection: %s (port DNAT %d -> %d)", direction, key, origPort, dstPort)
+		} else {
+			t.logger.Trace2("New %s UDP connection: %s", direction, key)
+		}
 	}
 	t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeStart, conn, ruleID)
 }
@@ -151,6 +161,34 @@ func (t *UDPTracker) IsValidInbound(srcIP netip.Addr, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort
 	return true
 }
 
+// evictOneLocked removes one entry to make room. Caller must hold t.mutex.
+// Bounded sample: picks the oldest among up to evictSampleSize entries.
+func (t *UDPTracker) evictOneLocked() {
+	var candKey ConnKey
+	var candSeen int64
+	haveCand := false
+	sampled := 0
+
+	for k, c := range t.connections {
+		seen := c.lastSeen.Load()
+		if !haveCand || seen < candSeen {
+			candKey = k
+			candSeen = seen
+			haveCand = true
+		}
+		sampled++
+		if sampled >= evictSampleSize {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if haveCand {
+		if evicted := t.connections[candKey]; evicted != nil {
+			t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, evicted, nil)
+		}
+		delete(t.connections, candKey)
+	}
+}
+
 // cleanupRoutine periodically removes stale connections
 func (t *UDPTracker) cleanupRoutine(ctx context.Context) {
 	defer t.cleanupTicker.Stop()
@@ -173,8 +211,10 @@ func (t *UDPTracker) cleanup() {
 		if conn.timeoutExceeded(t.timeout) {
 			delete(t.connections, key)
 
-			t.logger.Trace5("Removed UDP connection %s (timeout) [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
-				key, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
+			if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+				t.logger.Trace5("Removed UDP connection %s (timeout) [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
+					key, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
+			}
 			t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
 		}
 	}

client/firewall/uspfilter/filter.go

@@ -709,7 +709,9 @@ func (m *Manager) filterOutbound(packetData []byte, size int) bool {
 
 	srcIP, dstIP := m.extractIPs(d)
 	if !srcIP.IsValid() {
-		m.logger.Error1("Unknown network layer: %v", d.decoded[0])
+		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelError) {
+			m.logger.Error1("Unknown network layer: %v", d.decoded[0])
+		}
 		return false
 	}
 
@@ -808,7 +810,9 @@ func (m *Manager) clampTCPMSS(packetData []byte, d *decoder) bool {
 		return false
 	}
 
-	m.logger.Trace2("Clamped TCP MSS from %d to %d", currentMSS, m.mssClampValue)
+	if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		m.logger.Trace2("Clamped TCP MSS from %d to %d", currentMSS, m.mssClampValue)
+	}
 	return true
 }
 
@@ -931,8 +935,10 @@ func (m *Manager) filterInbound(packetData []byte, size int) bool {
 
 	// TODO: pass fragments of routed packets to forwarder
 	if fragment {
-		m.logger.Trace4("packet is a fragment: src=%v dst=%v id=%v flags=%v",
-			srcIP, dstIP, d.ip4.Id, d.ip4.Flags)
+		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+			m.logger.Trace4("packet is a fragment: src=%v dst=%v id=%v flags=%v",
+				srcIP, dstIP, d.ip4.Id, d.ip4.Flags)
+		}
 		return false
 	}
 
@@ -974,8 +980,10 @@ func (m *Manager) handleLocalTraffic(d *decoder, srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, packet
 		pnum := getProtocolFromPacket(d)
 		srcPort, dstPort := getPortsFromPacket(d)
 
-		m.logger.Trace6("Dropping local packet (ACL denied): rule_id=%s proto=%v src=%s:%d dst=%s:%d",
-			ruleID, pnum, srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
+		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+			m.logger.Trace6("Dropping local packet (ACL denied): rule_id=%s proto=%v src=%s:%d dst=%s:%d",
+				ruleID, pnum, srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
+		}
 
 		m.flowLogger.StoreEvent(nftypes.EventFields{
 			FlowID:     uuid.New(),
@@ -1025,8 +1033,10 @@ func (m *Manager) handleForwardedLocalTraffic(packetData []byte) bool {
 func (m *Manager) handleRoutedTraffic(d *decoder, srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, packetData []byte, size int) bool {
 	// Drop if routing is disabled
 	if !m.routingEnabled.Load() {
-		m.logger.Trace2("Dropping routed packet (routing disabled): src=%s dst=%s",
-			srcIP, dstIP)
+		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+			m.logger.Trace2("Dropping routed packet (routing disabled): src=%s dst=%s",
+				srcIP, dstIP)
+		}
 		return true
 	}
 
@@ -1043,8 +1053,10 @@ func (m *Manager) handleRoutedTraffic(d *decoder, srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, packe
 	if !pass {
 		proto := getProtocolFromPacket(d)
 
-		m.logger.Trace6("Dropping routed packet (ACL denied): rule_id=%s proto=%v src=%s:%d dst=%s:%d",
-			ruleID, proto, srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
+		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+			m.logger.Trace6("Dropping routed packet (ACL denied): rule_id=%s proto=%v src=%s:%d dst=%s:%d",
+				ruleID, proto, srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
+		}
 
 		m.flowLogger.StoreEvent(nftypes.EventFields{
 			FlowID:     uuid.New(),
@@ -1126,7 +1138,9 @@ func getPortsFromPacket(d *decoder) (srcPort, dstPort uint16) {
 // It returns true, true if the packet is a fragment and valid.
 func (m *Manager) isValidPacket(d *decoder, packetData []byte) (bool, bool) {
 	if err := d.parser.DecodeLayers(packetData, &d.decoded); err != nil {
-		m.logger.Trace1("couldn't decode packet, err: %s", err)
+		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+			m.logger.Trace1("couldn't decode packet, err: %s", err)
+		}
 		return false, false
 	}
 

client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/icmp.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/header"
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/stack"
 
+	nblog "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/uspfilter/log"
 	nftypes "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/netflow/types"
 )
 
@@ -92,8 +93,10 @@ func (f *Forwarder) forwardICMPPacket(id stack.TransportEndpointID, payload []by
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("write ICMP packet: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	f.logger.Trace3("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP packet %v type %v code %v",
-		epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode)
+	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		f.logger.Trace3("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP packet %v type %v code %v",
+			epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode)
+	}
 
 	return conn, nil
 }
@@ -116,8 +119,10 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleICMPViaSocket(flowID uuid.UUID, id stack.TransportEndp
 	txBytes := f.handleEchoResponse(conn, id)
 	rtt := time.Since(sendTime).Round(10 * time.Microsecond)
 
-	f.logger.Trace4("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP echo reply %v type %v code %v (rtt=%v, raw socket)",
-		epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode, rtt)
+	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		f.logger.Trace4("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP echo reply %v type %v code %v (rtt=%v, raw socket)",
+			epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode, rtt)
+	}
 
 	f.sendICMPEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, flowID, id, icmpType, icmpCode, uint64(rxBytes), uint64(txBytes))
 }
@@ -198,13 +203,17 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleICMPViaPing(flowID uuid.UUID, id stack.TransportEndpoi
 	}
 	rtt := time.Since(pingStart).Round(10 * time.Microsecond)
 
-	f.logger.Trace3("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP echo request %v type %v code %v",
-		epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode)
+	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		f.logger.Trace3("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP echo request %v type %v code %v",
+			epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode)
+	}
 
 	txBytes := f.synthesizeEchoReply(id, icmpData)
 
-	f.logger.Trace4("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP echo reply %v type %v code %v (rtt=%v, ping binary)",
-		epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode, rtt)
+	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		f.logger.Trace4("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP echo reply %v type %v code %v (rtt=%v, ping binary)",
+			epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode, rtt)
+	}
 
 	f.sendICMPEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, flowID, id, icmpType, icmpCode, uint64(rxBytes), uint64(txBytes))
 }

client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/tcp.go

@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 package forwarder
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
-	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 
@@ -16,7 +13,9 @@ import (
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/transport/tcp"
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/waiter"
 
+	nblog "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/uspfilter/log"
 	nftypes "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/netflow/types"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/netrelay"
 )
 
 // handleTCP is called by the TCP forwarder for new connections.
@@ -38,7 +37,9 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleTCP(r *tcp.ForwarderRequest) {
 	outConn, err := (&net.Dialer{}).DialContext(f.ctx, "tcp", dialAddr)
 	if err != nil {
 		r.Complete(true)
-		f.logger.Trace2("forwarder: dial error for %v: %v", epID(id), err)
+		if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+			f.logger.Trace2("forwarder: dial error for %v: %v", epID(id), err)
+		}
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -61,64 +62,22 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleTCP(r *tcp.ForwarderRequest) {
 	inConn := gonet.NewTCPConn(&wq, ep)
 
 	success = true
-	f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: established TCP connection %v", epID(id))
+	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: established TCP connection %v", epID(id))
+	}
 
 	go f.proxyTCP(id, inConn, outConn, ep, flowID)
 }
 
 func (f *Forwarder) proxyTCP(id stack.TransportEndpointID, inConn *gonet.TCPConn, outConn net.Conn, ep tcpip.Endpoint, flowID uuid.UUID) {
+	// netrelay.Relay copies bidirectionally with proper half-close propagation
+	// and fully closes both conns before returning.
+	bytesFromInToOut, bytesFromOutToIn := netrelay.Relay(f.ctx, inConn, outConn, netrelay.Options{
+		Logger: f.logger,
+	})
 
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(f.ctx)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	go func() {
-		<-ctx.Done()
-		// Close connections and endpoint.
-		if err := inConn.Close(); err != nil && !isClosedError(err) {
-			f.logger.Debug1("forwarder: inConn close error: %v", err)
-		}
-		if err := outConn.Close(); err != nil && !isClosedError(err) {
-			f.logger.Debug1("forwarder: outConn close error: %v", err)
-		}
-
-		ep.Close()
-	}()
-
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	wg.Add(2)
-
-	var (
-		bytesFromInToOut int64 // bytes from client to server (tx for client)
-		bytesFromOutToIn int64 // bytes from server to client (rx for client)
-		errInToOut       error
-		errOutToIn       error
-	)
-
-	go func() {
-		bytesFromInToOut, errInToOut = io.Copy(outConn, inConn)
-		cancel()
-		wg.Done()
-	}()
-
-	go func() {
-
-		bytesFromOutToIn, errOutToIn = io.Copy(inConn, outConn)
-		cancel()
-		wg.Done()
-	}()
-
-	wg.Wait()
-
-	if errInToOut != nil {
-		if !isClosedError(errInToOut) {
-			f.logger.Error2("proxyTCP: copy error (in → out) for %s: %v", epID(id), errInToOut)
-		}
-	}
-	if errOutToIn != nil {
-		if !isClosedError(errOutToIn) {
-			f.logger.Error2("proxyTCP: copy error (out → in) for %s: %v", epID(id), errOutToIn)
-		}
-	}
+	// Close the netstack endpoint after both conns are drained.
+	ep.Close()
 
 	var rxPackets, txPackets uint64
 	if tcpStats, ok := ep.Stats().(*tcp.Stats); ok {
@@ -127,7 +86,9 @@ func (f *Forwarder) proxyTCP(id stack.TransportEndpointID, inConn *gonet.TCPConn
 		txPackets = tcpStats.SegmentsReceived.Value()
 	}
 
-	f.logger.Trace5("forwarder: Removed TCP connection %s [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]", epID(id), rxPackets, bytesFromOutToIn, txPackets, bytesFromInToOut)
+	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		f.logger.Trace5("forwarder: Removed TCP connection %s [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]", epID(id), rxPackets, bytesFromOutToIn, txPackets, bytesFromInToOut)
+	}
 
 	f.sendTCPEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, flowID, id, uint64(bytesFromOutToIn), uint64(bytesFromInToOut), rxPackets, txPackets)
 }

client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/udp.go

@@ -125,7 +125,9 @@ func (f *udpForwarder) cleanup() {
 				delete(f.conns, idle.id)
 				f.Unlock()
 
-				f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: cleaned up idle UDP connection %v", epID(idle.id))
+				if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+					f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: cleaned up idle UDP connection %v", epID(idle.id))
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -144,7 +146,9 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleUDP(r *udp.ForwarderRequest) bool {
 	_, exists := f.udpForwarder.conns[id]
 	f.udpForwarder.RUnlock()
 	if exists {
-		f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: existing UDP connection for %v", epID(id))
+		if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+			f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: existing UDP connection for %v", epID(id))
+		}
 		return true
 	}
 
@@ -206,7 +210,9 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleUDP(r *udp.ForwarderRequest) bool {
 	f.udpForwarder.Unlock()
 
 	success = true
-	f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: established UDP connection %v", epID(id))
+	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: established UDP connection %v", epID(id))
+	}
 
 	go f.proxyUDP(connCtx, pConn, id, ep)
 	return true
@@ -265,7 +271,9 @@ func (f *Forwarder) proxyUDP(ctx context.Context, pConn *udpPacketConn, id stack
 		txPackets = udpStats.PacketsReceived.Value()
 	}
 
-	f.logger.Trace5("forwarder: Removed UDP connection %s [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]", epID(id), rxPackets, rxBytes, txPackets, txBytes)
+	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		f.logger.Trace5("forwarder: Removed UDP connection %s [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]", epID(id), rxPackets, rxBytes, txPackets, txBytes)
+	}
 
 	f.udpForwarder.Lock()
 	delete(f.udpForwarder.conns, id)

client/firewall/uspfilter/log/log.go

@@ -53,16 +53,17 @@ var levelStrings = map[Level]string{
 }
 
 type logMessage struct {
-	level  Level
-	format string
-	arg1   any
-	arg2   any
-	arg3   any
-	arg4   any
-	arg5   any
-	arg6   any
-	arg7   any
-	arg8   any
+	level    Level
+	argCount uint8
+	format   string
+	arg1     any
+	arg2     any
+	arg3     any
+	arg4     any
+	arg5     any
+	arg6     any
+	arg7     any
+	arg8     any
 }
 
 // Logger is a high-performance, non-blocking logger
@@ -107,6 +108,13 @@ func (l *Logger) SetLevel(level Level) {
 	log.Debugf("Set uspfilter logger loglevel to %v", levelStrings[level])
 }
 
+// Enabled reports whether the given level is currently logged. Callers on the
+// hot path should guard log sites with this to avoid boxing arguments into
+// any when the level is off.
+func (l *Logger) Enabled(level Level) bool {
+	return l.level.Load() >= uint32(level)
+}
+
 func (l *Logger) Error(format string) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelError) {
 		select {
@@ -155,7 +163,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Trace(format string) {
 func (l *Logger) Error1(format string, arg1 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelError) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelError, format: format, arg1: arg1}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelError, argCount: 1, format: format, arg1: arg1}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -164,7 +172,16 @@ func (l *Logger) Error1(format string, arg1 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Error2(format string, arg1, arg2 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelError) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelError, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelError, argCount: 2, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2}:
+		default:
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (l *Logger) Warn2(format string, arg1, arg2 any) {
+	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelWarn) {
+		select {
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelWarn, argCount: 2, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -173,7 +190,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Error2(format string, arg1, arg2 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Warn3(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelWarn) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelWarn, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelWarn, argCount: 3, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -182,7 +199,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Warn3(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Warn4(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelWarn) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelWarn, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelWarn, argCount: 4, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -191,7 +208,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Warn4(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Debug1(format string, arg1 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelDebug) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelDebug, format: format, arg1: arg1}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelDebug, argCount: 1, format: format, arg1: arg1}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -200,7 +217,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Debug1(format string, arg1 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Debug2(format string, arg1, arg2 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelDebug) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelDebug, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelDebug, argCount: 2, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -209,16 +226,59 @@ func (l *Logger) Debug2(format string, arg1, arg2 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Debug3(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelDebug) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelDebug, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelDebug, argCount: 3, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
 }
 
+// Debugf is the variadic shape. Dispatches to Debug/Debug1/Debug2/Debug3
+// to avoid allocating an args slice on the fast path when the arg count is
+// known (0-3). Args beyond 3 land on the general variadic path; callers on
+// the hot path should prefer DebugN for known counts.
+func (l *Logger) Debugf(format string, args ...any) {
+	if l.level.Load() < uint32(LevelDebug) {
+		return
+	}
+	switch len(args) {
+	case 0:
+		l.Debug(format)
+	case 1:
+		l.Debug1(format, args[0])
+	case 2:
+		l.Debug2(format, args[0], args[1])
+	case 3:
+		l.Debug3(format, args[0], args[1], args[2])
+	default:
+		l.sendVariadic(LevelDebug, format, args)
+	}
+}
+
+// sendVariadic packs a slice of arguments into a logMessage and non-blocking
+// enqueues it. Used for arg counts beyond the fixed-arity fast paths. Args
+// beyond the 8-arg slot limit are dropped so callers don't produce silently
+// empty log lines via uint8 wraparound in argCount.
+func (l *Logger) sendVariadic(level Level, format string, args []any) {
+	const maxArgs = 8
+	n := len(args)
+	if n > maxArgs {
+		n = maxArgs
+	}
+	msg := logMessage{level: level, argCount: uint8(n), format: format}
+	slots := [maxArgs]*any{&msg.arg1, &msg.arg2, &msg.arg3, &msg.arg4, &msg.arg5, &msg.arg6, &msg.arg7, &msg.arg8}
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		*slots[i] = args[i]
+	}
+	select {
+	case l.msgChannel <- msg:
+	default:
+	}
+}
+
 func (l *Logger) Trace1(format string, arg1 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelTrace) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, format: format, arg1: arg1}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, argCount: 1, format: format, arg1: arg1}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -227,7 +287,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Trace1(format string, arg1 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Trace2(format string, arg1, arg2 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelTrace) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, argCount: 2, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -236,7 +296,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Trace2(format string, arg1, arg2 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Trace3(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelTrace) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, argCount: 3, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -245,7 +305,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Trace3(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Trace4(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelTrace) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, argCount: 4, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -254,7 +314,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Trace4(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Trace5(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelTrace) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4, arg5: arg5}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, argCount: 5, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4, arg5: arg5}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -263,7 +323,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Trace5(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Trace6(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelTrace) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4, arg5: arg5, arg6: arg6}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, argCount: 6, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4, arg5: arg5, arg6: arg6}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -273,7 +333,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Trace6(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Trace8(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6, arg7, arg8 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelTrace) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4, arg5: arg5, arg6: arg6, arg7: arg7, arg8: arg8}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, argCount: 8, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4, arg5: arg5, arg6: arg6, arg7: arg7, arg8: arg8}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -286,35 +346,8 @@ func (l *Logger) formatMessage(buf *[]byte, msg logMessage) {
 	*buf = append(*buf, levelStrings[msg.level]...)
 	*buf = append(*buf, ' ')
 
-	// Count non-nil arguments for switch
-	argCount := 0
-	if msg.arg1 != nil {
-		argCount++
-		if msg.arg2 != nil {
-			argCount++
-			if msg.arg3 != nil {
-				argCount++
-				if msg.arg4 != nil {
-					argCount++
-					if msg.arg5 != nil {
-						argCount++
-						if msg.arg6 != nil {
-							argCount++
-							if msg.arg7 != nil {
-								argCount++
-								if msg.arg8 != nil {
-									argCount++
-								}
-							}
-						}
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 	var formatted string
-	switch argCount {
+	switch msg.argCount {
 	case 0:
 		formatted = msg.format
 	case 1:

client/firewall/uspfilter/nat.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"
 
 	firewall "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/manager"
+	nblog "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/uspfilter/log"
 )
 
 var ErrIPv4Only = errors.New("only IPv4 is supported for DNAT")
@@ -242,11 +243,15 @@ func (m *Manager) translateOutboundDNAT(packetData []byte, d *decoder) bool {
 	}
 
 	if err := m.rewritePacketIP(packetData, d, translatedIP, destinationIPOffset); err != nil {
-		m.logger.Error1("failed to rewrite packet destination: %v", err)
+		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelError) {
+			m.logger.Error1("failed to rewrite packet destination: %v", err)
+		}
 		return false
 	}
 
-	m.logger.Trace2("DNAT: %s -> %s", dstIP, translatedIP)
+	if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		m.logger.Trace2("DNAT: %s -> %s", dstIP, translatedIP)
+	}
 	return true
 }
 
@@ -264,11 +269,15 @@ func (m *Manager) translateInboundReverse(packetData []byte, d *decoder) bool {
 	}
 
 	if err := m.rewritePacketIP(packetData, d, originalIP, sourceIPOffset); err != nil {
-		m.logger.Error1("failed to rewrite packet source: %v", err)
+		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelError) {
+			m.logger.Error1("failed to rewrite packet source: %v", err)
+		}
 		return false
 	}
 
-	m.logger.Trace2("Reverse DNAT: %s -> %s", srcIP, originalIP)
+	if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
+		m.logger.Trace2("Reverse DNAT: %s -> %s", srcIP, originalIP)
+	}
 	return true
 }
 
@@ -521,7 +530,9 @@ func (m *Manager) applyPortRule(packetData []byte, d *decoder, srcIP, dstIP neti
 		}
 
 		if err := rewriteFn(packetData, d, rule.targetPort, destinationPortOffset); err != nil {
-			m.logger.Error1("failed to rewrite port: %v", err)
+			if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelError) {
+				m.logger.Error1("failed to rewrite port: %v", err)
+			}
 			return false
 		}
 		d.dnatOrigPort = rule.origPort

client/iface/iface.go

@@ -217,7 +217,6 @@ func (w *WGIface) RemoveAllowedIP(peerKey string, allowedIP netip.Prefix) error
 // Close closes the tunnel interface
 func (w *WGIface) Close() error {
 	w.mu.Lock()
-	defer w.mu.Unlock()
 
 	var result *multierror.Error
 
@@ -225,7 +224,15 @@ func (w *WGIface) Close() error {
 		result = multierror.Append(result, fmt.Errorf("failed to free WireGuard proxy: %w", err))
 	}
 
-	if err := w.tun.Close(); err != nil {
+	// Release w.mu before calling w.tun.Close(): the underlying
+	// wireguard-go device.Close() waits for its send/receive goroutines
+	// to drain. Some of those goroutines re-enter WGIface methods that
+	// take w.mu (e.g. the packet filter DNS hook calls GetDevice()), so
+	// holding the mutex here would deadlock the shutdown path.
+	tun := w.tun
+	w.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if err := tun.Close(); err != nil {
 		result = multierror.Append(result, fmt.Errorf("failed to close wireguard interface %s: %w", w.Name(), err))
 	}
 

client/iface/iface_close_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+//go:build !android
+
+package iface
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	wgdevice "golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/device"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/device"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/udpmux"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgaddr"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgproxy"
+)
+
+// fakeTunDevice implements WGTunDevice and lets the test control when
+// Close() returns. It mimics the wireguard-go shutdown path, which blocks
+// until its goroutines drain. Some of those goroutines (e.g. the packet
+// filter DNS hook in client/internal/dns) call back into WGIface, so if
+// WGIface.Close() held w.mu across tun.Close() the shutdown would
+// deadlock.
+type fakeTunDevice struct {
+	closeStarted chan struct{}
+	unblockClose chan struct{}
+}
+
+func (f *fakeTunDevice) Create() (device.WGConfigurer, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+func (f *fakeTunDevice) Up() (*udpmux.UniversalUDPMuxDefault, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+func (f *fakeTunDevice) UpdateAddr(wgaddr.Address) error      { return nil }
+func (f *fakeTunDevice) WgAddress() wgaddr.Address            { return wgaddr.Address{} }
+func (f *fakeTunDevice) MTU() uint16                          { return DefaultMTU }
+func (f *fakeTunDevice) DeviceName() string                   { return "nb-close-test" }
+func (f *fakeTunDevice) FilteredDevice() *device.FilteredDevice { return nil }
+func (f *fakeTunDevice) Device() *wgdevice.Device             { return nil }
+func (f *fakeTunDevice) GetNet() *netstack.Net                { return nil }
+func (f *fakeTunDevice) GetICEBind() device.EndpointManager   { return nil }
+
+func (f *fakeTunDevice) Close() error {
+	close(f.closeStarted)
+	<-f.unblockClose
+	return nil
+}
+
+type fakeProxyFactory struct{}
+
+func (fakeProxyFactory) GetProxy() wgproxy.Proxy { return nil }
+func (fakeProxyFactory) GetProxyPort() uint16    { return 0 }
+func (fakeProxyFactory) Free() error             { return nil }
+
+// TestWGIface_CloseReleasesMutexBeforeTunClose guards against a deadlock
+// that surfaces as a macOS test-timeout in
+// TestDNSPermanent_updateUpstream: WGIface.Close() used to hold w.mu
+// while waiting for the wireguard-go device goroutines to finish, and
+// one of those goroutines (the DNS filter hook) calls back into
+// WGIface.GetDevice() which needs the same mutex. The fix is to drop
+// the lock before tun.Close() returns control.
+func TestWGIface_CloseReleasesMutexBeforeTunClose(t *testing.T) {
+	tun := &fakeTunDevice{
+		closeStarted: make(chan struct{}),
+		unblockClose: make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+	w := &WGIface{
+		tun:            tun,
+		wgProxyFactory: fakeProxyFactory{},
+	}
+
+	closeDone := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() {
+		closeDone <- w.Close()
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case <-tun.closeStarted:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		close(tun.unblockClose)
+		t.Fatal("tun.Close() was never invoked")
+	}
+
+	// Simulate the WireGuard read goroutine calling back into WGIface
+	// via the packet filter's DNS hook. If Close() still held w.mu
+	// during tun.Close(), this would block until the test timeout.
+	getDeviceDone := make(chan struct{})
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		_ = w.GetDevice()
+		close(getDeviceDone)
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case <-getDeviceDone:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		close(tun.unblockClose)
+		wg.Wait()
+		t.Fatal("GetDevice() deadlocked while WGIface.Close was closing the tun")
+	}
+
+	close(tun.unblockClose)
+	select {
+	case <-closeDone:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("WGIface.Close() never returned after the tun was unblocked")
+	}
+}

client/iface/udpmux/universal.go

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ func (u *UDPConn) performFilterCheck(addr net.Addr) error {
 	}
 
 	if u.address.Network.Contains(a) {
-		log.Warnf("Address %s is part of the NetBird network %s, refusing to write", addr, u.address)
+		log.Warnf("address %s is part of the NetBird network %s, refusing to write", addr, u.address)
 		return fmt.Errorf("address %s is part of the NetBird network %s, refusing to write", addr, u.address)
 	}
 
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ func (u *UDPConn) performFilterCheck(addr net.Addr) error {
 		u.addrCache.Store(addr.String(), isRouted)
 		if isRouted {
 			// Extra log, as the error only shows up with ICE logging enabled
-			log.Infof("Address %s is part of routed network %s, refusing to write", addr, prefix)
+			log.Infof("address %s is part of routed network %s, refusing to write", addr, prefix)
 			return fmt.Errorf("address %s is part of routed network %s, refusing to write", addr, prefix)
 		}
 	}

client/internal/connect.go

@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ func (c *ConnectClient) RunOnAndroid(
 	dnsAddresses []netip.AddrPort,
 	dnsReadyListener dns.ReadyListener,
 	stateFilePath string,
+	cacheDir string,
 ) error {
 	// in case of non Android os these variables will be nil
 	mobileDependency := MobileDependency{
@@ -103,6 +104,7 @@ func (c *ConnectClient) RunOnAndroid(
 		HostDNSAddresses:      dnsAddresses,
 		DnsReadyListener:      dnsReadyListener,
 		StateFilePath:         stateFilePath,
+		TempDir:               cacheDir,
 	}
 	return c.run(mobileDependency, nil, "")
 }
@@ -338,6 +340,7 @@ func (c *ConnectClient) run(mobileDependency MobileDependency, runningChan chan
 			log.Error(err)
 			return wrapErr(err)
 		}
+		engineConfig.TempDir = mobileDependency.TempDir
 
 		relayManager := relayClient.NewManager(engineCtx, relayURLs, myPrivateKey.PublicKey().String(), engineConfig.MTU)
 		c.statusRecorder.SetRelayMgr(relayManager)

client/internal/debug/debug.go

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 	"runtime/pprof"
-	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/updater/installer"
 	nbstatus "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/status"
 	mgmProto "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util"
 )
 
 const readmeContent = `Netbird debug bundle
@@ -234,6 +232,7 @@ type BundleGenerator struct {
 	statusRecorder *peer.Status
 	syncResponse   *mgmProto.SyncResponse
 	logPath        string
+	tempDir        string
 	cpuProfile     []byte
 	refreshStatus  func() // Optional callback to refresh status before bundle generation
 	clientMetrics  MetricsExporter
@@ -256,6 +255,7 @@ type GeneratorDependencies struct {
 	StatusRecorder *peer.Status
 	SyncResponse   *mgmProto.SyncResponse
 	LogPath        string
+	TempDir        string // Directory for temporary bundle zip files. If empty, os.TempDir() is used.
 	CPUProfile     []byte
 	RefreshStatus  func() // Optional callback to refresh status before bundle generation
 	ClientMetrics  MetricsExporter
@@ -275,6 +275,7 @@ func NewBundleGenerator(deps GeneratorDependencies, cfg BundleConfig) *BundleGen
 		statusRecorder: deps.StatusRecorder,
 		syncResponse:   deps.SyncResponse,
 		logPath:        deps.LogPath,
+		tempDir:        deps.TempDir,
 		cpuProfile:     deps.CPUProfile,
 		refreshStatus:  deps.RefreshStatus,
 		clientMetrics:  deps.ClientMetrics,
@@ -287,7 +288,7 @@ func NewBundleGenerator(deps GeneratorDependencies, cfg BundleConfig) *BundleGen
 
 // Generate creates a debug bundle and returns the location.
 func (g *BundleGenerator) Generate() (resp string, err error) {
-	bundlePath, err := os.CreateTemp("", "netbird.debug.*.zip")
+	bundlePath, err := os.CreateTemp(g.tempDir, "netbird.debug.*.zip")
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("create zip file: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -373,15 +374,8 @@ func (g *BundleGenerator) createArchive() error {
 		log.Errorf("failed to add wg show output: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if g.logPath != "" && !slices.Contains(util.SpecialLogs, g.logPath) {
-		if err := g.addLogfile(); err != nil {
-			log.Errorf("failed to add log file to debug bundle: %v", err)
-			if err := g.trySystemdLogFallback(); err != nil {
-				log.Errorf("failed to add systemd logs as fallback: %v", err)
-			}
-		}
-	} else if err := g.trySystemdLogFallback(); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("failed to add systemd logs: %v", err)
+	if err := g.addPlatformLog(); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to add logs to debug bundle: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	if err := g.addUpdateLogs(); err != nil {

client/internal/debug/debug_android.go

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//go:build android
+
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os/exec"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+func (g *BundleGenerator) addPlatformLog() error {
+	cmd := exec.Command("/system/bin/logcat", "-d")
+	stdout, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("logcat stdout pipe: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("start logcat: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var logReader io.Reader = stdout
+	if g.anonymize {
+		var pw *io.PipeWriter
+		logReader, pw = io.Pipe()
+		go anonymizeLog(stdout, pw, g.anonymizer)
+	}
+
+	if err := g.addFileToZip(logReader, "logcat.txt"); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add logcat to zip: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := cmd.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("wait logcat: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	log.Debug("added logcat output to debug bundle")
+	return nil
+}

client/internal/debug/debug_nonandroid.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//go:build !android
+
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util"
+)
+
+func (g *BundleGenerator) addPlatformLog() error {
+	if g.logPath != "" && !slices.Contains(util.SpecialLogs, g.logPath) {
+		if err := g.addLogfile(); err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("failed to add log file to debug bundle: %v", err)
+			if err := g.trySystemdLogFallback(); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	} else if err := g.trySystemdLogFallback(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}

client/internal/engine.go

@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ type EngineConfig struct {
 	ProfileConfig *profilemanager.Config
 
 	LogPath string
+	TempDir string
 }
 
 // EngineServices holds the external service dependencies required by the Engine.
@@ -1095,6 +1096,7 @@ func (e *Engine) handleBundle(params *mgmProto.BundleParameters) (*mgmProto.JobR
 		StatusRecorder: e.statusRecorder,
 		SyncResponse:   syncResponse,
 		LogPath:        e.config.LogPath,
+		TempDir:        e.config.TempDir,
 		ClientMetrics:  e.clientMetrics,
 		RefreshStatus: func() {
 			e.RunHealthProbes(true)

client/internal/mobile_dependency.go

@@ -22,4 +22,8 @@ type MobileDependency struct {
 	DnsManager     dns.IosDnsManager
 	FileDescriptor int32
 	StateFilePath  string
+
+	// TempDir is a writable directory for temporary files (e.g., debug bundle zip).
+	// On Android, this should be set to the app's cache directory.
+	TempDir string
 }

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_bsd_other.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//go:build (dragonfly || freebsd || netbsd || openbsd) && !darwin
+
+package systemops
+
+// Non-darwin BSDs don't support the IP_BOUND_IF + scoped default model. They
+// always fall through to the ref-counter exclusion-route path; these stubs
+// exist only so systemops_unix.go compiles.
+func (r *SysOps) setupAdvancedRouting() error   { return nil }
+func (r *SysOps) cleanupAdvancedRouting() error { return nil }
+func (r *SysOps) flushPlatformExtras() error    { return nil }

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+//go:build darwin && !ios
+
+package systemops
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.org/x/net/route"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+
+	nberrors "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/errors"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/vars"
+	nbnet "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/net"
+)
+
+// scopedRouteBudget bounds retries for the scoped default route. Installing or
+// deleting it matters enough that we're willing to spend longer waiting for the
+// kernel reply than for per-prefix exclusion routes.
+const scopedRouteBudget = 5 * time.Second
+
+// setupAdvancedRouting installs an RTF_IFSCOPE default route per address family
+// pinned to the current physical egress, so IP_BOUND_IF scoped lookups can
+// resolve gateway'd destinations while the VPN's split default owns the
+// unscoped table.
+//
+// Timing note: this runs during routeManager.Init, which happens before the
+// VPN interface is created and before any peer routes propagate. The initial
+// mgmt / signal / relay TCP dials always fire before this runs, so those
+// sockets miss the IP_BOUND_IF binding and rely on the kernel's normal route
+// lookup, which at that point correctly picks the physical default. Those
+// already-established TCP flows keep their originally-selected interface for
+// their lifetime on Darwin because the kernel caches the egress route
+// per-socket at connect time; adding the VPN's 0/1 + 128/1 split default
+// afterwards does not migrate them since the original en0 default stays in
+// the table. Any subsequent reconnect via nbnet.NewDialer picks up the
+// populated bound-iface cache and gets IP_BOUND_IF set cleanly.
+func (r *SysOps) setupAdvancedRouting() error {
+	// Drop any previously-cached egress interface before reinstalling. On a
+	// refresh, a family that no longer resolves would otherwise keep the stale
+	// binding, causing new sockets to scope to an interface without a matching
+	// scoped default.
+	nbnet.ClearBoundInterfaces()
+
+	if err := r.flushScopedDefaults(); err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("flush residual scoped defaults: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var merr *multierror.Error
+	installed := 0
+
+	for _, unspec := range []netip.Addr{netip.IPv4Unspecified(), netip.IPv6Unspecified()} {
+		ok, err := r.installScopedDefaultFor(unspec)
+		if err != nil {
+			merr = multierror.Append(merr, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if ok {
+			installed++
+		}
+	}
+
+	if installed == 0 && merr != nil {
+		return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr)
+	}
+	if merr != nil {
+		log.Warnf("advanced routing setup partially succeeded: %v", nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// installScopedDefaultFor resolves the physical default nexthop for the given
+// address family, installs a scoped default via it, and caches the iface for
+// subsequent IP_BOUND_IF / IPV6_BOUND_IF socket binds.
+func (r *SysOps) installScopedDefaultFor(unspec netip.Addr) (bool, error) {
+	nexthop, err := GetNextHop(unspec)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, vars.ErrRouteNotFound) {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("get default nexthop for %s: %w", unspec, err)
+	}
+	if nexthop.Intf == nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("unusable default nexthop for %s (no interface)", unspec)
+	}
+
+	if err := r.addScopedDefault(unspec, nexthop); err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("add scoped default on %s: %w", nexthop.Intf.Name, err)
+	}
+
+	af := unix.AF_INET
+	if unspec.Is6() {
+		af = unix.AF_INET6
+	}
+	nbnet.SetBoundInterface(af, nexthop.Intf)
+	via := "point-to-point"
+	if nexthop.IP.IsValid() {
+		via = nexthop.IP.String()
+	}
+	log.Infof("installed scoped default route via %s on %s for %s", via, nexthop.Intf.Name, afOf(unspec))
+	return true, nil
+}
+
+func (r *SysOps) cleanupAdvancedRouting() error {
+	nbnet.ClearBoundInterfaces()
+	return r.flushScopedDefaults()
+}
+
+// flushPlatformExtras runs darwin-specific residual cleanup hooked into the
+// generic FlushMarkedRoutes path, so a crashed daemon's scoped defaults get
+// removed on the next boot regardless of whether a profile is brought up.
+func (r *SysOps) flushPlatformExtras() error {
+	return r.flushScopedDefaults()
+}
+
+// flushScopedDefaults removes any scoped default routes tagged with routeProtoFlag.
+// Safe to call at startup to clear residual entries from a prior session.
+func (r *SysOps) flushScopedDefaults() error {
+	rib, err := retryFetchRIB()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("fetch routing table: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	msgs, err := route.ParseRIB(route.RIBTypeRoute, rib)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("parse routing table: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var merr *multierror.Error
+	removed := 0
+
+	for _, msg := range msgs {
+		rtMsg, ok := msg.(*route.RouteMessage)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		if rtMsg.Flags&routeProtoFlag == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if rtMsg.Flags&unix.RTF_IFSCOPE == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		info, err := MsgToRoute(rtMsg)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Debugf("skip scoped flush: %v", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if !info.Dst.IsValid() || info.Dst.Bits() != 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if err := r.deleteScopedRoute(rtMsg); err != nil {
+			merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("delete scoped default %s on index %d: %w",
+				info.Dst, rtMsg.Index, err))
+			continue
+		}
+		removed++
+		log.Debugf("flushed residual scoped default %s on index %d", info.Dst, rtMsg.Index)
+	}
+
+	if removed > 0 {
+		log.Infof("flushed %d residual scoped default route(s)", removed)
+	}
+	return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr)
+}
+
+func (r *SysOps) addScopedDefault(unspec netip.Addr, nexthop Nexthop) error {
+	return r.scopedRouteSocket(unix.RTM_ADD, unspec, nexthop)
+}
+
+func (r *SysOps) deleteScopedRoute(rtMsg *route.RouteMessage) error {
+	// Preserve identifying flags from the stored route (including RTF_GATEWAY
+	// only if present); kernel-set bits like RTF_DONE don't belong on RTM_DELETE.
+	keep := unix.RTF_UP | unix.RTF_STATIC | unix.RTF_GATEWAY | unix.RTF_IFSCOPE | routeProtoFlag
+	del := &route.RouteMessage{
+		Type:    unix.RTM_DELETE,
+		Flags:   rtMsg.Flags & keep,
+		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
+		Seq:     r.getSeq(),
+		Index:   rtMsg.Index,
+		Addrs:   rtMsg.Addrs,
+	}
+	return r.writeRouteMessage(del, scopedRouteBudget)
+}
+
+func (r *SysOps) scopedRouteSocket(action int, unspec netip.Addr, nexthop Nexthop) error {
+	flags := unix.RTF_UP | unix.RTF_STATIC | unix.RTF_IFSCOPE | routeProtoFlag
+
+	msg := &route.RouteMessage{
+		Type:    action,
+		Flags:   flags,
+		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
+		ID:      uintptr(os.Getpid()),
+		Seq:     r.getSeq(),
+		Index:   nexthop.Intf.Index,
+	}
+
+	const numAddrs = unix.RTAX_NETMASK + 1
+	addrs := make([]route.Addr, numAddrs)
+
+	dst, err := addrToRouteAddr(unspec)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("build destination: %w", err)
+	}
+	mask, err := prefixToRouteNetmask(netip.PrefixFrom(unspec, 0))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("build netmask: %w", err)
+	}
+	addrs[unix.RTAX_DST] = dst
+	addrs[unix.RTAX_NETMASK] = mask
+
+	if nexthop.IP.IsValid() {
+		msg.Flags |= unix.RTF_GATEWAY
+		gw, err := addrToRouteAddr(nexthop.IP.Unmap())
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("build gateway: %w", err)
+		}
+		addrs[unix.RTAX_GATEWAY] = gw
+	} else {
+		addrs[unix.RTAX_GATEWAY] = &route.LinkAddr{
+			Index: nexthop.Intf.Index,
+			Name:  nexthop.Intf.Name,
+		}
+	}
+	msg.Addrs = addrs
+
+	return r.writeRouteMessage(msg, scopedRouteBudget)
+}
+
+func afOf(a netip.Addr) string {
+	if a.Is4() {
+		return "IPv4"
+	}
+	return "IPv6"
+}

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_generic.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/util"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/vars"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/statemanager"
+	nbnet "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/net"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/net/hooks"
 )
 
@@ -31,8 +32,6 @@ var splitDefaultv4_2 = netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{128}), 1)
 var splitDefaultv6_1 = netip.PrefixFrom(netip.IPv6Unspecified(), 1)
 var splitDefaultv6_2 = netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom16([16]byte{0x80}), 1)
 
-var ErrRoutingIsSeparate = errors.New("routing is separate")
-
 func (r *SysOps) setupRefCounter(initAddresses []net.IP, stateManager *statemanager.Manager) error {
 	stateManager.RegisterState(&ShutdownState{})
 
@@ -397,12 +396,16 @@ func ipToAddr(ip net.IP, intf *net.Interface) (netip.Addr, error) {
 }
 
 // IsAddrRouted checks if the candidate address would route to the vpn, in which case it returns true and the matched prefix.
+// When advanced routing is active the WG socket is bound to the physical interface (fwmark on linux,
+// IP_UNICAST_IF on windows, IP_BOUND_IF on darwin) and bypasses the main routing table, so the check is skipped.
 func IsAddrRouted(addr netip.Addr, vpnRoutes []netip.Prefix) (bool, netip.Prefix) {
-	localRoutes, err := hasSeparateRouting()
+	if nbnet.AdvancedRouting() {
+		return false, netip.Prefix{}
+	}
+
+	localRoutes, err := GetRoutesFromTable()
 	if err != nil {
-		if !errors.Is(err, ErrRoutingIsSeparate) {
-			log.Errorf("Failed to get routes: %v", err)
-		}
+		log.Errorf("Failed to get routes: %v", err)
 		return false, netip.Prefix{}
 	}
 

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_js.go

@@ -22,10 +22,6 @@ func GetRoutesFromTable() ([]netip.Prefix, error) {
 	return []netip.Prefix{}, nil
 }
 
-func hasSeparateRouting() ([]netip.Prefix, error) {
-	return []netip.Prefix{}, nil
-}
-
 // GetDetailedRoutesFromTable returns empty routes for WASM.
 func GetDetailedRoutesFromTable() ([]DetailedRoute, error) {
 	return []DetailedRoute{}, nil

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_linux.go

@@ -894,13 +894,6 @@ func getAddressFamily(prefix netip.Prefix) int {
 	return netlink.FAMILY_V6
 }
 
-func hasSeparateRouting() ([]netip.Prefix, error) {
-	if !nbnet.AdvancedRouting() {
-		return GetRoutesFromTable()
-	}
-	return nil, ErrRoutingIsSeparate
-}
-
 func isOpErr(err error) bool {
 	// EAFTNOSUPPORT when ipv6 is disabled via sysctl, EOPNOTSUPP when disabled in boot options or otherwise not supported
 	if errors.Is(err, syscall.EAFNOSUPPORT) || errors.Is(err, syscall.EOPNOTSUPP) {

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_nonlinux.go

@@ -48,10 +48,6 @@ func EnableIPForwarding() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func hasSeparateRouting() ([]netip.Prefix, error) {
-	return GetRoutesFromTable()
-}
-
 // GetIPRules returns IP rules for debugging (not supported on non-Linux platforms)
 func GetIPRules() ([]IPRule, error) {
 	log.Infof("IP rules collection is not supported on %s", runtime.GOOS)

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_unix.go

@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ import (
 
 const (
 	envRouteProtoFlag = "NB_ROUTE_PROTO_FLAG"
+
+	// routeBudget bounds retries for per-prefix exclusion route programming.
+	routeBudget = 1 * time.Second
 )
 
 var routeProtoFlag int
@@ -41,26 +44,42 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 func (r *SysOps) SetupRouting(initAddresses []net.IP, stateManager *statemanager.Manager, advancedRouting bool) error {
+	if advancedRouting {
+		return r.setupAdvancedRouting()
+	}
+
+	log.Infof("Using legacy routing setup with ref counters")
 	return r.setupRefCounter(initAddresses, stateManager)
 }
 
 func (r *SysOps) CleanupRouting(stateManager *statemanager.Manager, advancedRouting bool) error {
+	if advancedRouting {
+		return r.cleanupAdvancedRouting()
+	}
+
 	return r.cleanupRefCounter(stateManager)
 }
 
 // FlushMarkedRoutes removes single IP exclusion routes marked with the configured RTF_PROTO flag.
+// On darwin it also flushes residual RTF_IFSCOPE scoped default routes so a
+// crashed prior session can't leave crud in the table.
 func (r *SysOps) FlushMarkedRoutes() error {
+	var merr *multierror.Error
+
+	if err := r.flushPlatformExtras(); err != nil {
+		merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("flush platform extras: %w", err))
+	}
+
 	rib, err := retryFetchRIB()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("fetch routing table: %w", err)
+		return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("fetch routing table: %w", err)))
 	}
 
 	msgs, err := route.ParseRIB(route.RIBTypeRoute, rib)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("parse routing table: %w", err)
+		return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("parse routing table: %w", err)))
 	}
 
-	var merr *multierror.Error
 	flushedCount := 0
 
 	for _, msg := range msgs {
@@ -117,12 +136,12 @@ func (r *SysOps) routeSocket(action int, prefix netip.Prefix, nexthop Nexthop) e
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid prefix: %s", prefix)
 	}
 
-	expBackOff := backoff.NewExponentialBackOff()
-	expBackOff.InitialInterval = 50 * time.Millisecond
-	expBackOff.MaxInterval = 500 * time.Millisecond
-	expBackOff.MaxElapsedTime = 1 * time.Second
+	msg, err := r.buildRouteMessage(action, prefix, nexthop)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("build route message: %w", err)
+	}
 
-	if err := backoff.Retry(r.routeOp(action, prefix, nexthop), expBackOff); err != nil {
+	if err := r.writeRouteMessage(msg, routeBudget); err != nil {
 		a := "add"
 		if action == unix.RTM_DELETE {
 			a = "remove"
@@ -132,50 +151,91 @@ func (r *SysOps) routeSocket(action int, prefix netip.Prefix, nexthop Nexthop) e
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (r *SysOps) routeOp(action int, prefix netip.Prefix, nexthop Nexthop) func() error {
-	operation := func() error {
-		fd, err := unix.Socket(syscall.AF_ROUTE, syscall.SOCK_RAW, syscall.AF_UNSPEC)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("open routing socket: %w", err)
+// writeRouteMessage sends a route message over AF_ROUTE and waits for the
+// kernel's matching reply, retrying transient failures until budget elapses.
+// Callers do not need to manage sockets or seq numbers themselves.
+func (r *SysOps) writeRouteMessage(msg *route.RouteMessage, budget time.Duration) error {
+	expBackOff := backoff.NewExponentialBackOff()
+	expBackOff.InitialInterval = 50 * time.Millisecond
+	expBackOff.MaxInterval = 500 * time.Millisecond
+	expBackOff.MaxElapsedTime = budget
+
+	return backoff.Retry(func() error { return routeMessageRoundtrip(msg) }, expBackOff)
+}
+
+func routeMessageRoundtrip(msg *route.RouteMessage) error {
+	fd, err := unix.Socket(syscall.AF_ROUTE, syscall.SOCK_RAW, syscall.AF_UNSPEC)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open routing socket: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := unix.Close(fd); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, unix.EBADF) {
+			log.Warnf("close routing socket: %v", err)
 		}
-		defer func() {
-			if err := unix.Close(fd); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, unix.EBADF) {
-				log.Warnf("failed to close routing socket: %v", err)
+	}()
+
+	tv := unix.Timeval{Sec: 1}
+	if err := unix.SetsockoptTimeval(fd, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_RCVTIMEO, &tv); err != nil {
+		return backoff.Permanent(fmt.Errorf("set recv timeout: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	// AF_ROUTE is a broadcast channel: every route socket on the host sees
+	// every RTM_* event. With concurrent route programming the default
+	// per-socket queue overflows and our own reply gets dropped.
+	if err := unix.SetsockoptInt(fd, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_RCVBUF, 1<<20); err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("set SO_RCVBUF on route socket: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	bytes, err := msg.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return backoff.Permanent(fmt.Errorf("marshal: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	if _, err = unix.Write(fd, bytes); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, unix.ENOBUFS) || errors.Is(err, unix.EAGAIN) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("write: %w", err)
+		}
+		return backoff.Permanent(fmt.Errorf("write: %w", err))
+	}
+	return readRouteResponse(fd, msg.Type, msg.Seq)
+}
+
+// readRouteResponse reads from the AF_ROUTE socket until it sees a reply
+// matching our write (same type, seq, and pid). AF_ROUTE SOCK_RAW is a
+// broadcast channel: interface up/down, third-party route changes and neighbor
+// discovery events can all land between our write and read, so we must filter.
+func readRouteResponse(fd, wantType, wantSeq int) error {
+	pid := int32(os.Getpid())
+	resp := make([]byte, 2048)
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(time.Second)
+	for {
+		if time.Now().After(deadline) {
+			// Transient: under concurrent pressure the kernel can drop our reply
+			// from the socket buffer. Let backoff.Retry re-send with a fresh seq.
+			return fmt.Errorf("read: timeout waiting for route reply type=%d seq=%d", wantType, wantSeq)
+		}
+		n, err := unix.Read(fd, resp)
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, unix.EAGAIN) || errors.Is(err, unix.EWOULDBLOCK) {
+				// SO_RCVTIMEO fired while waiting; loop to re-check the absolute deadline.
+				continue
 			}
-		}()
-
-		msg, err := r.buildRouteMessage(action, prefix, nexthop)
-		if err != nil {
-			return backoff.Permanent(fmt.Errorf("build route message: %w", err))
+			return backoff.Permanent(fmt.Errorf("read: %w", err))
 		}
-
-		msgBytes, err := msg.Marshal()
-		if err != nil {
-			return backoff.Permanent(fmt.Errorf("marshal route message: %w", err))
+		if n < int(unsafe.Sizeof(unix.RtMsghdr{})) {
+			continue
 		}
-
-		if _, err = unix.Write(fd, msgBytes); err != nil {
-			if errors.Is(err, unix.ENOBUFS) || errors.Is(err, unix.EAGAIN) {
-				return fmt.Errorf("write: %w", err)
-			}
-			return backoff.Permanent(fmt.Errorf("write: %w", err))
+		hdr := (*unix.RtMsghdr)(unsafe.Pointer(&resp[0]))
+		// Darwin reflects the sender's pid on replies; matching (Type, Seq, Pid)
+		// uniquely identifies our own reply among broadcast traffic.
+		if int(hdr.Type) != wantType || int(hdr.Seq) != wantSeq || hdr.Pid != pid {
+			continue
 		}
-
-		respBuf := make([]byte, 2048)
-		n, err := unix.Read(fd, respBuf)
-		if err != nil {
-			return backoff.Permanent(fmt.Errorf("read route response: %w", err))
+		if hdr.Errno != 0 {
+			return backoff.Permanent(fmt.Errorf("kernel: %w", syscall.Errno(hdr.Errno)))
 		}
-
-		if n > 0 {
-			if err := r.parseRouteResponse(respBuf[:n]); err != nil {
-				return backoff.Permanent(err)
-			}
-		}
-
 		return nil
 	}
-	return operation
 }
 
 func (r *SysOps) buildRouteMessage(action int, prefix netip.Prefix, nexthop Nexthop) (msg *route.RouteMessage, err error) {
@@ -183,6 +243,7 @@ func (r *SysOps) buildRouteMessage(action int, prefix netip.Prefix, nexthop Next
 		Type:    action,
 		Flags:   unix.RTF_UP | routeProtoFlag,
 		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
+		ID:      uintptr(os.Getpid()),
 		Seq:     r.getSeq(),
 	}
 
@@ -221,19 +282,6 @@ func (r *SysOps) buildRouteMessage(action int, prefix netip.Prefix, nexthop Next
 	return msg, nil
 }
 
-func (r *SysOps) parseRouteResponse(buf []byte) error {
-	if len(buf) < int(unsafe.Sizeof(unix.RtMsghdr{})) {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	rtMsg := (*unix.RtMsghdr)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0]))
-	if rtMsg.Errno != 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("parse: %d", rtMsg.Errno)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
 // addrToRouteAddr converts a netip.Addr to the appropriate route.Addr (*route.Inet4Addr or *route.Inet6Addr).
 func addrToRouteAddr(addr netip.Addr) (route.Addr, error) {
 	if addr.Is4() {

client/net/dialer_init_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package net
+
+func (d *Dialer) init() {
+	d.Dialer.Control = applyBoundIfToSocket
+}

client/net/dialer_init_generic.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//go:build !linux && !windows
+//go:build !linux && !windows && !darwin
 
 package net
 

client/net/env_android.go

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-//go:build android
-
-package net
-
-// Init initializes the network environment for Android
-func Init() {
-	// No initialization needed on Android
-}
-
-// AdvancedRouting reports whether routing loops can be avoided without using exclusion routes.
-// Always returns true on Android since we cannot handle routes dynamically.
-func AdvancedRouting() bool {
-	return true
-}
-
-// SetVPNInterfaceName is a no-op on Android
-func SetVPNInterfaceName(name string) {
-	// No-op on Android - not needed for Android VPN service
-}
-
-// GetVPNInterfaceName returns empty string on Android
-func GetVPNInterfaceName() string {
-	return ""
-}

client/net/env_bound_iface.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//go:build windows
+//go:build (darwin && !ios) || windows
 
 package net
 
@@ -24,17 +24,22 @@ func Init() {
 }
 
 func checkAdvancedRoutingSupport() bool {
-	var err error
-	var legacyRouting bool
+	legacyRouting := false
 	if val := os.Getenv(envUseLegacyRouting); val != "" {
-		legacyRouting, err = strconv.ParseBool(val)
+		parsed, err := strconv.ParseBool(val)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Warnf("failed to parse %s: %v", envUseLegacyRouting, err)
+			log.Warnf("ignoring unparsable %s=%q: %v", envUseLegacyRouting, val, err)
+		} else {
+			legacyRouting = parsed
 		}
 	}
 
-	if legacyRouting || netstack.IsEnabled() {
-		log.Info("advanced routing has been requested to be disabled")
+	if legacyRouting {
+		log.Infof("advanced routing disabled: legacy routing requested via %s", envUseLegacyRouting)
+		return false
+	}
+	if netstack.IsEnabled() {
+		log.Info("advanced routing disabled: netstack mode is enabled")
 		return false
 	}
 

client/net/env_generic.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//go:build !linux && !windows && !android
+//go:build !linux && !windows && !darwin
 
 package net
 

client/net/env_mobile.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//go:build ios || android
+
+package net
+
+// Init initializes the network environment for mobile platforms.
+func Init() {
+	// no-op on mobile: routing scope is owned by the VPN extension.
+}
+
+// AdvancedRouting reports whether routing loops can be avoided without using exclusion routes.
+// Always returns true on mobile since routes cannot be handled dynamically and the VPN extension
+// owns the routing scope.
+func AdvancedRouting() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+// SetVPNInterfaceName is a no-op on mobile.
+func SetVPNInterfaceName(string) {
+	// no-op on mobile: the VPN extension manages the interface.
+}
+
+// GetVPNInterfaceName returns an empty string on mobile.
+func GetVPNInterfaceName() string {
+	return ""
+}

client/net/listener_init_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package net
+
+func (l *ListenerConfig) init() {
+	l.ListenConfig.Control = applyBoundIfToSocket
+}

client/net/listener_init_generic.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//go:build !linux && !windows
+//go:build !linux && !windows && !darwin
 
 package net
 

client/net/net_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+package net
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+// On darwin IPV6_BOUND_IF also scopes v4-mapped egress from dual-stack
+// (IPV6_V6ONLY=0) AF_INET6 sockets, so a single setsockopt on "udp6"/"tcp6"
+// covers both families. Setting IP_BOUND_IF on an AF_INET6 socket returns
+// EINVAL regardless of V6ONLY because the IPPROTO_IP ctloutput path is
+// dispatched by socket domain (AF_INET only) not by inp_vflag.
+
+// boundIface holds the physical interface chosen at routing setup time. Sockets
+// created via nbnet.NewDialer / nbnet.NewListener bind to it via IP_BOUND_IF
+// (IPv4) or IPV6_BOUND_IF (IPv6 / dual-stack) so their scoped route lookup
+// hits the RTF_IFSCOPE default installed by the routemanager, rather than
+// following the VPN's split default.
+var (
+	boundIfaceMu sync.RWMutex
+	boundIface4  *net.Interface
+	boundIface6  *net.Interface
+)
+
+// SetBoundInterface records the egress interface for an address family. Called
+// by the routemanager after a scoped default route has been installed.
+// af must be unix.AF_INET or unix.AF_INET6; other values are ignored.
+// nil iface is rejected — use ClearBoundInterfaces to clear all slots.
+func SetBoundInterface(af int, iface *net.Interface) {
+	if iface == nil {
+		log.Warnf("SetBoundInterface: nil iface for AF %d, ignored", af)
+		return
+	}
+	boundIfaceMu.Lock()
+	defer boundIfaceMu.Unlock()
+	switch af {
+	case unix.AF_INET:
+		boundIface4 = iface
+	case unix.AF_INET6:
+		boundIface6 = iface
+	default:
+		log.Warnf("SetBoundInterface: unsupported address family %d", af)
+	}
+}
+
+// ClearBoundInterfaces resets the cached egress interfaces. Called by the
+// routemanager during cleanup.
+func ClearBoundInterfaces() {
+	boundIfaceMu.Lock()
+	defer boundIfaceMu.Unlock()
+	boundIface4 = nil
+	boundIface6 = nil
+}
+
+// boundInterfaceFor returns the cached egress interface for a socket's address
+// family, falling back to the other family if the preferred slot is empty.
+// The kernel stores both IP_BOUND_IF and IPV6_BOUND_IF in inp_boundifp, so
+// either setsockopt scopes the socket; preferring same-family still matters
+// when v4 and v6 defaults egress different NICs.
+func boundInterfaceFor(network, address string) *net.Interface {
+	if iface := zoneInterface(address); iface != nil {
+		return iface
+	}
+
+	boundIfaceMu.RLock()
+	defer boundIfaceMu.RUnlock()
+
+	primary, secondary := boundIface4, boundIface6
+	if isV6Network(network) {
+		primary, secondary = boundIface6, boundIface4
+	}
+	if primary != nil {
+		return primary
+	}
+	return secondary
+}
+
+func isV6Network(network string) bool {
+	return strings.HasSuffix(network, "6")
+}
+
+// zoneInterface extracts an explicit interface from an IPv6 link-local zone (e.g. fe80::1%en0).
+func zoneInterface(address string) *net.Interface {
+	if address == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	addr, err := netip.ParseAddrPort(address)
+	if err != nil {
+		a, err := netip.ParseAddr(address)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		addr = netip.AddrPortFrom(a, 0)
+	}
+	zone := addr.Addr().Zone()
+	if zone == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if iface, err := net.InterfaceByName(zone); err == nil {
+		return iface
+	}
+	if idx, err := strconv.Atoi(zone); err == nil {
+		if iface, err := net.InterfaceByIndex(idx); err == nil {
+			return iface
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func setIPv4BoundIf(fd uintptr, iface *net.Interface) error {
+	if err := unix.SetsockoptInt(int(fd), unix.IPPROTO_IP, unix.IP_BOUND_IF, iface.Index); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("set IP_BOUND_IF: %w (interface: %s, index: %d)", err, iface.Name, iface.Index)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func setIPv6BoundIf(fd uintptr, iface *net.Interface) error {
+	if err := unix.SetsockoptInt(int(fd), unix.IPPROTO_IPV6, unix.IPV6_BOUND_IF, iface.Index); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("set IPV6_BOUND_IF: %w (interface: %s, index: %d)", err, iface.Name, iface.Index)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// applyBoundIfToSocket binds the socket to the cached physical egress interface
+// so scoped route lookup avoids the VPN utun and egresses the underlay directly.
+func applyBoundIfToSocket(network, address string, c syscall.RawConn) error {
+	if !AdvancedRouting() {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	iface := boundInterfaceFor(network, address)
+	if iface == nil {
+		log.Debugf("no bound iface cached for %s to %s, skipping BOUND_IF", network, address)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	isV6 := isV6Network(network)
+	var controlErr error
+	if err := c.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+		if isV6 {
+			controlErr = setIPv6BoundIf(fd, iface)
+		} else {
+			controlErr = setIPv4BoundIf(fd, iface)
+		}
+		if controlErr == nil {
+			log.Debugf("set BOUND_IF=%d on %s for %s to %s", iface.Index, iface.Name, network, address)
+		}
+	}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("control: %w", err)
+	}
+	return controlErr
+}

client/server/state.go

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/systemops"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/statemanager"
-	nbnet "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/net"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
 )
 
@@ -138,10 +137,8 @@ func restoreResidualState(ctx context.Context, statePath string) error {
 	}
 
 	// clean up any remaining routes independently of the state file
-	if !nbnet.AdvancedRouting() {
-		if err := systemops.New(nil, nil).FlushMarkedRoutes(); err != nil {
-			merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("flush marked routes: %w", err))
-		}
+	if err := systemops.New(nil, nil).FlushMarkedRoutes(); err != nil {
+		merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("flush marked routes: %w", err))
 	}
 
 	return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr)

client/ssh/client/client.go

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	nbssh "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/detection"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/netrelay"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -536,7 +537,7 @@ func (c *Client) LocalPortForward(ctx context.Context, localAddr, remoteAddr str
 				continue
 			}
 
-			go c.handleLocalForward(localConn, remoteAddr)
+			go c.handleLocalForward(ctx, localConn, remoteAddr)
 		}
 	}()
 
@@ -548,7 +549,7 @@ func (c *Client) LocalPortForward(ctx context.Context, localAddr, remoteAddr str
 }
 
 // handleLocalForward handles a single local port forwarding connection
-func (c *Client) handleLocalForward(localConn net.Conn, remoteAddr string) {
+func (c *Client) handleLocalForward(ctx context.Context, localConn net.Conn, remoteAddr string) {
 	defer func() {
 		if err := localConn.Close(); err != nil {
 			log.Debugf("local port forwarding: close local connection: %v", err)
@@ -571,7 +572,7 @@ func (c *Client) handleLocalForward(localConn net.Conn, remoteAddr string) {
 		}
 	}()
 
-	nbssh.BidirectionalCopy(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), localConn, channel)
+	netrelay.Relay(ctx, localConn, channel, netrelay.Options{Logger: log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger())})
 }
 
 // RemotePortForward sets up remote port forwarding, binding on remote and forwarding to localAddr
@@ -653,16 +654,19 @@ func (c *Client) handleRemoteForwardChannels(ctx context.Context, localAddr stri
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return
-		case newChan := <-channelRequests:
+		case newChan, ok := <-channelRequests:
+			if !ok {
+				return
+			}
 			if newChan != nil {
-				go c.handleRemoteForwardChannel(newChan, localAddr)
+				go c.handleRemoteForwardChannel(ctx, newChan, localAddr)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 // handleRemoteForwardChannel handles a single forwarded-tcpip channel
-func (c *Client) handleRemoteForwardChannel(newChan ssh.NewChannel, localAddr string) {
+func (c *Client) handleRemoteForwardChannel(ctx context.Context, newChan ssh.NewChannel, localAddr string) {
 	channel, reqs, err := newChan.Accept()
 	if err != nil {
 		return
@@ -675,8 +679,14 @@ func (c *Client) handleRemoteForwardChannel(newChan ssh.NewChannel, localAddr st
 
 	go ssh.DiscardRequests(reqs)
 
-	localConn, err := net.Dial("tcp", localAddr)
+	// Bound the dial so a black-holed localAddr can't pin the accepted SSH
+	// channel open indefinitely; the relay itself runs under the outer ctx.
+	dialCtx, cancelDial := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 10*time.Second)
+	var dialer net.Dialer
+	localConn, err := dialer.DialContext(dialCtx, "tcp", localAddr)
+	cancelDial()
 	if err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("remote port forwarding: dial %s: %v", localAddr, err)
 		return
 	}
 	defer func() {
@@ -685,7 +695,7 @@ func (c *Client) handleRemoteForwardChannel(newChan ssh.NewChannel, localAddr st
 		}
 	}()
 
-	nbssh.BidirectionalCopy(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), localConn, channel)
+	netrelay.Relay(ctx, localConn, channel, netrelay.Options{Logger: log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger())})
 }
 
 // tcpipForwardMsg represents the structure for tcpip-forward requests

client/ssh/common.go

@@ -194,63 +194,3 @@ func buildAddressList(hostname string, remote net.Addr) []string {
 	return addresses
 }
 
-// BidirectionalCopy copies data bidirectionally between two io.ReadWriter connections.
-// It waits for both directions to complete before returning.
-// The caller is responsible for closing the connections.
-func BidirectionalCopy(logger *log.Entry, rw1, rw2 io.ReadWriter) {
-	done := make(chan struct{}, 2)
-
-	go func() {
-		if _, err := io.Copy(rw2, rw1); err != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(err) {
-			logger.Debugf("copy error (1->2): %v", err)
-		}
-		done <- struct{}{}
-	}()
-
-	go func() {
-		if _, err := io.Copy(rw1, rw2); err != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(err) {
-			logger.Debugf("copy error (2->1): %v", err)
-		}
-		done <- struct{}{}
-	}()
-
-	<-done
-	<-done
-}
-
-func isExpectedCopyError(err error) bool {
-	return errors.Is(err, io.EOF) || errors.Is(err, context.Canceled)
-}
-
-// BidirectionalCopyWithContext copies data bidirectionally between two io.ReadWriteCloser connections.
-// It waits for both directions to complete or for context cancellation before returning.
-// Both connections are closed when the function returns.
-func BidirectionalCopyWithContext(logger *log.Entry, ctx context.Context, conn1, conn2 io.ReadWriteCloser) {
-	done := make(chan struct{}, 2)
-
-	go func() {
-		if _, err := io.Copy(conn2, conn1); err != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(err) {
-			logger.Debugf("copy error (1->2): %v", err)
-		}
-		done <- struct{}{}
-	}()
-
-	go func() {
-		if _, err := io.Copy(conn1, conn2); err != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(err) {
-			logger.Debugf("copy error (2->1): %v", err)
-		}
-		done <- struct{}{}
-	}()
-
-	select {
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-	case <-done:
-		select {
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-		case <-done:
-		}
-	}
-
-	_ = conn1.Close()
-	_ = conn2.Close()
-}

client/ssh/config/manager.go

@@ -187,24 +187,23 @@ func (m *Manager) buildPeerConfig(allHostPatterns []string) (string, error) {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("get NetBird executable path: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	hostLine := strings.Join(deduplicatedPatterns, " ")
-	config := fmt.Sprintf("Host %s\n", hostLine)
-	config += fmt.Sprintf("    Match exec \"%s ssh detect %%h %%p\"\n", execPath)
-	config += "        PreferredAuthentications password,publickey,keyboard-interactive\n"
-	config += "        PasswordAuthentication yes\n"
-	config += "        PubkeyAuthentication yes\n"
-	config += "        BatchMode no\n"
-	config += fmt.Sprintf("        ProxyCommand %s ssh proxy %%h %%p\n", execPath)
-	config += "        StrictHostKeyChecking no\n"
+	hostList := strings.Join(deduplicatedPatterns, ",")
+	config := fmt.Sprintf("Match host \"%s\" exec \"%s ssh detect %%h %%p\"\n", hostList, execPath)
+	config += "    PreferredAuthentications password,publickey,keyboard-interactive\n"
+	config += "    PasswordAuthentication yes\n"
+	config += "    PubkeyAuthentication yes\n"
+	config += "    BatchMode no\n"
+	config += fmt.Sprintf("    ProxyCommand %s ssh proxy %%h %%p\n", execPath)
+	config += "    StrictHostKeyChecking no\n"
 
 	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
-		config += "        UserKnownHostsFile NUL\n"
+		config += "    UserKnownHostsFile NUL\n"
 	} else {
-		config += "        UserKnownHostsFile /dev/null\n"
+		config += "    UserKnownHostsFile /dev/null\n"
 	}
 
-	config += "        CheckHostIP no\n"
-	config += "        LogLevel ERROR\n\n"
+	config += "    CheckHostIP no\n"
+	config += "    LogLevel ERROR\n\n"
 
 	return config, nil
 }

client/ssh/config/manager_test.go

@@ -116,6 +116,37 @@ func TestManager_PeerLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, os.IsNotExist(err), "SSH config should not be created with too many peers")
 }
 
+func TestManager_MatchHostFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	tempDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "netbird-ssh-config-test")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer func() { assert.NoError(t, os.RemoveAll(tempDir)) }()
+
+	manager := &Manager{
+		sshConfigDir:  filepath.Join(tempDir, "ssh_config.d"),
+		sshConfigFile: "99-netbird.conf",
+	}
+
+	peers := []PeerSSHInfo{
+		{Hostname: "peer1", IP: "100.125.1.1", FQDN: "peer1.nb.internal"},
+		{Hostname: "peer2", IP: "100.125.1.2", FQDN: "peer2.nb.internal"},
+	}
+
+	err = manager.SetupSSHClientConfig(peers)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	configPath := filepath.Join(manager.sshConfigDir, manager.sshConfigFile)
+	content, err := os.ReadFile(configPath)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	configStr := string(content)
+
+	// Must use "Match host" with comma-separated patterns, not a bare "Host" directive.
+	// A bare "Host" followed by "Match exec" is incorrect per ssh_config(5): the Host block
+	// ends at the next Match keyword, making it a no-op and leaving the Match exec unscoped.
+	assert.NotContains(t, configStr, "\nHost ", "should not use bare Host directive")
+	assert.Contains(t, configStr, "Match host \"100.125.1.1,peer1.nb.internal,peer1,100.125.1.2,peer2.nb.internal,peer2\"",
+		"should use Match host with comma-separated patterns")
+}
+
 func TestManager_ForcedSSHConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	// Set force environment variable
 	t.Setenv(EnvForceSSHConfig, "true")

client/ssh/proxy/proxy.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
 	nbssh "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/detection"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/netrelay"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/version"
 )
 
@@ -352,7 +353,7 @@ func (p *SSHProxy) directTCPIPHandler(_ *ssh.Server, _ *cryptossh.ServerConn, ne
 	}
 	go cryptossh.DiscardRequests(clientReqs)
 
-	nbssh.BidirectionalCopyWithContext(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), sshCtx, clientChan, backendChan)
+	netrelay.Relay(sshCtx, clientChan, backendChan, netrelay.Options{Logger: log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger())})
 }
 
 func (p *SSHProxy) sftpSubsystemHandler(s ssh.Session, jwtToken string) {
@@ -591,7 +592,7 @@ func (p *SSHProxy) handleForwardedChannel(sshCtx ssh.Context, sshConn *cryptossh
 	}
 	go cryptossh.DiscardRequests(clientReqs)
 
-	nbssh.BidirectionalCopyWithContext(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), sshCtx, clientChan, backendChan)
+	netrelay.Relay(sshCtx, clientChan, backendChan, netrelay.Options{Logger: log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger())})
 }
 
 func (p *SSHProxy) dialBackend(ctx context.Context, addr, user, jwtToken string) (*cryptossh.Client, error) {

client/ssh/server/port_forwarding.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	cryptossh "golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 
-	nbssh "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/netrelay"
 )
 
 const privilegedPortThreshold = 1024
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleRemoteForwardConnection(ctx ssh.Context, conn net.Conn, h
 		return
 	}
 
-	nbssh.BidirectionalCopyWithContext(logger, ctx, conn, channel)
+	netrelay.Relay(ctx, conn, channel, netrelay.Options{Logger: logger})
 }
 
 // openForwardChannel creates an SSH forwarded-tcpip channel

client/ssh/server/server.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"slices"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/detection"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/auth"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/auth/jwt"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/netrelay"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/version"
 )
 
@@ -52,6 +54,10 @@ const (
 	DefaultJWTMaxTokenAge = 10 * 60
 )
 
+// directTCPIPDialTimeout bounds how long relayDirectTCPIP waits on a dial to
+// the forwarded destination before rejecting the SSH channel.
+const directTCPIPDialTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+
 var (
 	ErrPrivilegedUserDisabled = errors.New(msgPrivilegedUserDisabled)
 	ErrUserNotFound           = errors.New("user not found")
@@ -891,5 +897,29 @@ func (s *Server) directTCPIPHandler(srv *ssh.Server, conn *cryptossh.ServerConn,
 	s.addConnectionPortForward(ctx.User(), ctx.RemoteAddr(), forwardAddr)
 	logger.Infof("local port forwarding: %s:%d", payload.Host, payload.Port)
 
-	ssh.DirectTCPIPHandler(srv, conn, newChan, ctx)
+	s.relayDirectTCPIP(ctx, newChan, payload.Host, int(payload.Port), logger)
+}
+
+// relayDirectTCPIP is a netrelay-based replacement for gliderlabs'
+// DirectTCPIPHandler. The upstream handler closes both sides on the first
+// EOF; netrelay.Relay propagates CloseWrite so each direction drains on its
+// own terms.
+func (s *Server) relayDirectTCPIP(ctx ssh.Context, newChan cryptossh.NewChannel, host string, port int, logger *log.Entry) {
+	dest := net.JoinHostPort(host, strconv.Itoa(port))
+
+	dialer := net.Dialer{Timeout: directTCPIPDialTimeout}
+	dconn, err := dialer.DialContext(ctx, "tcp", dest)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = newChan.Reject(cryptossh.ConnectionFailed, err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	ch, reqs, err := newChan.Accept()
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = dconn.Close()
+		return
+	}
+	go cryptossh.DiscardRequests(reqs)
+
+	netrelay.Relay(ctx, dconn, ch, netrelay.Options{Logger: logger})
 }

client/system/info.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package system
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -145,59 +144,6 @@ func extractDeviceName(ctx context.Context, defaultName string) string {
 	return v
 }
 
-func networkAddresses() ([]NetworkAddress, error) {
-	interfaces, err := net.Interfaces()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	var netAddresses []NetworkAddress
-	for _, iface := range interfaces {
-		if iface.Flags&net.FlagUp == 0 {
-			continue
-		}
-		if iface.HardwareAddr.String() == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		addrs, err := iface.Addrs()
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		for _, address := range addrs {
-			ipNet, ok := address.(*net.IPNet)
-			if !ok {
-				continue
-			}
-
-			if ipNet.IP.IsLoopback() {
-				continue
-			}
-
-			netAddr := NetworkAddress{
-				NetIP: netip.MustParsePrefix(ipNet.String()),
-				Mac:   iface.HardwareAddr.String(),
-			}
-
-			if isDuplicated(netAddresses, netAddr) {
-				continue
-			}
-
-			netAddresses = append(netAddresses, netAddr)
-		}
-	}
-	return netAddresses, nil
-}
-
-func isDuplicated(addresses []NetworkAddress, addr NetworkAddress) bool {
-	for _, duplicated := range addresses {
-		if duplicated.NetIP == addr.NetIP {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
 // GetInfoWithChecks retrieves and parses the system information with applied checks.
 func GetInfoWithChecks(ctx context.Context, checks []*proto.Checks) (*Info, error) {
 	log.Debugf("gathering system information with checks: %d", len(checks))

client/system/info_ios.go

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ package system
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"runtime"
 
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -42,6 +44,66 @@ func GetInfo(ctx context.Context) *Info {
 	return gio
 }
 
+// networkAddresses returns the list of network addresses on iOS.
+// On iOS, hardware (MAC) addresses are not available due to Apple's privacy
+// restrictions (iOS returns a fixed 02:00:00:00:00:00 placeholder), so we
+// leave Mac empty to match Android's behavior. We also skip the HardwareAddr
+// check that other platforms use and filter out link-local addresses as they
+// are not useful for posture checks.
+func networkAddresses() ([]NetworkAddress, error) {
+	interfaces, err := net.Interfaces()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var netAddresses []NetworkAddress
+	for _, iface := range interfaces {
+		if iface.Flags&net.FlagUp == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		addrs, err := iface.Addrs()
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		for _, address := range addrs {
+			netAddr, ok := toNetworkAddress(address)
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			if isDuplicated(netAddresses, netAddr) {
+				continue
+			}
+			netAddresses = append(netAddresses, netAddr)
+		}
+	}
+	return netAddresses, nil
+}
+
+func toNetworkAddress(address net.Addr) (NetworkAddress, bool) {
+	ipNet, ok := address.(*net.IPNet)
+	if !ok {
+		return NetworkAddress{}, false
+	}
+	if ipNet.IP.IsLoopback() || ipNet.IP.IsLinkLocalUnicast() || ipNet.IP.IsMulticast() {
+		return NetworkAddress{}, false
+	}
+	prefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(ipNet.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return NetworkAddress{}, false
+	}
+	return NetworkAddress{NetIP: prefix, Mac: ""}, true
+}
+
+func isDuplicated(addresses []NetworkAddress, addr NetworkAddress) bool {
+	for _, duplicated := range addresses {
+		if duplicated.NetIP == addr.NetIP {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 // checkFileAndProcess checks if the file path exists and if a process is running at that path.
 func checkFileAndProcess(paths []string) ([]File, error) {
 	return []File{}, nil

client/system/network_addr.go

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+//go:build !ios
+
+package system
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+)
+
+func networkAddresses() ([]NetworkAddress, error) {
+	interfaces, err := net.Interfaces()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var netAddresses []NetworkAddress
+	for _, iface := range interfaces {
+		if iface.Flags&net.FlagUp == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if iface.HardwareAddr.String() == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		addrs, err := iface.Addrs()
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		mac := iface.HardwareAddr.String()
+		for _, address := range addrs {
+			netAddr, ok := toNetworkAddress(address, mac)
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			if isDuplicated(netAddresses, netAddr) {
+				continue
+			}
+			netAddresses = append(netAddresses, netAddr)
+		}
+	}
+	return netAddresses, nil
+}
+
+func toNetworkAddress(address net.Addr, mac string) (NetworkAddress, bool) {
+	ipNet, ok := address.(*net.IPNet)
+	if !ok {
+		return NetworkAddress{}, false
+	}
+	if ipNet.IP.IsLoopback() {
+		return NetworkAddress{}, false
+	}
+	prefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(ipNet.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return NetworkAddress{}, false
+	}
+	return NetworkAddress{NetIP: prefix, Mac: mac}, true
+}
+
+func isDuplicated(addresses []NetworkAddress, addr NetworkAddress) bool {
+	for _, duplicated := range addresses {
+		if duplicated.NetIP == addr.NetIP {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}

proxy/internal/tcp/peekedconn.go

@@ -25,6 +25,12 @@ func (c *peekedConn) Read(b []byte) (int, error) {
 	return c.reader.Read(b)
 }
 
+// halfCloser matches connections that support shutting down the write
+// side while keeping the read side open (e.g. *net.TCPConn).
+type halfCloser interface {
+	CloseWrite() error
+}
+
 // CloseWrite delegates to the underlying connection if it supports
 // half-close (e.g. *net.TCPConn). Without this, embedding net.Conn
 // as an interface hides the concrete type's CloseWrite method, making

proxy/internal/tcp/relay.go

@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-package tcp
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"errors"
-	"io"
-	"net"
-	"sync"
-	"time"
-
-	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/proxy/internal/netutil"
-)
-
-// errIdleTimeout is returned when a relay connection is closed due to inactivity.
-var errIdleTimeout = errors.New("idle timeout")
-
-// DefaultIdleTimeout is the default idle timeout for TCP relay connections.
-// A zero value disables idle timeout checking.
-const DefaultIdleTimeout = 5 * time.Minute
-
-// halfCloser is implemented by connections that support half-close
-// (e.g. *net.TCPConn). When one copy direction finishes, we signal
-// EOF to the remote by closing the write side while keeping the read
-// side open so the other direction can drain.
-type halfCloser interface {
-	CloseWrite() error
-}
-
-// copyBufPool avoids allocating a new 32KB buffer per io.Copy call.
-var copyBufPool = sync.Pool{
-	New: func() any {
-		buf := make([]byte, 32*1024)
-		return &buf
-	},
-}
-
-// Relay copies data bidirectionally between src and dst until both
-// sides are done or the context is canceled. When idleTimeout is
-// non-zero, each direction's read is deadline-guarded; if no data
-// flows within the timeout the connection is torn down. When one
-// direction finishes, it half-closes the write side of the
-// destination (if supported) to signal EOF, allowing the other
-// direction to drain gracefully before the full connection teardown.
-func Relay(ctx context.Context, logger *log.Entry, src, dst net.Conn, idleTimeout time.Duration) (srcToDst, dstToSrc int64) {
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	go func() {
-		<-ctx.Done()
-		_ = src.Close()
-		_ = dst.Close()
-	}()
-
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	wg.Add(2)
-
-	var errSrcToDst, errDstToSrc error
-
-	go func() {
-		defer wg.Done()
-		srcToDst, errSrcToDst = copyWithIdleTimeout(dst, src, idleTimeout)
-		halfClose(dst)
-		cancel()
-	}()
-
-	go func() {
-		defer wg.Done()
-		dstToSrc, errDstToSrc = copyWithIdleTimeout(src, dst, idleTimeout)
-		halfClose(src)
-		cancel()
-	}()
-
-	wg.Wait()
-
-	if errors.Is(errSrcToDst, errIdleTimeout) || errors.Is(errDstToSrc, errIdleTimeout) {
-		logger.Debug("relay closed due to idle timeout")
-	}
-	if errSrcToDst != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(errSrcToDst) {
-		logger.Debugf("relay copy error (src→dst): %v", errSrcToDst)
-	}
-	if errDstToSrc != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(errDstToSrc) {
-		logger.Debugf("relay copy error (dst→src): %v", errDstToSrc)
-	}
-
-	return srcToDst, dstToSrc
-}
-
-// copyWithIdleTimeout copies from src to dst using a pooled buffer.
-// When idleTimeout > 0 it sets a read deadline on src before each
-// read and treats a timeout as an idle-triggered close.
-func copyWithIdleTimeout(dst io.Writer, src io.Reader, idleTimeout time.Duration) (int64, error) {
-	bufp := copyBufPool.Get().(*[]byte)
-	defer copyBufPool.Put(bufp)
-
-	if idleTimeout <= 0 {
-		return io.CopyBuffer(dst, src, *bufp)
-	}
-
-	conn, ok := src.(net.Conn)
-	if !ok {
-		return io.CopyBuffer(dst, src, *bufp)
-	}
-
-	buf := *bufp
-	var total int64
-	for {
-		if err := conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(idleTimeout)); err != nil {
-			return total, err
-		}
-		nr, readErr := src.Read(buf)
-		if nr > 0 {
-			n, err := checkedWrite(dst, buf[:nr])
-			total += n
-			if err != nil {
-				return total, err
-			}
-		}
-		if readErr != nil {
-			if netutil.IsTimeout(readErr) {
-				return total, errIdleTimeout
-			}
-			return total, readErr
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// checkedWrite writes buf to dst and returns the number of bytes written.
-// It guards against short writes and negative counts per io.Copy convention.
-func checkedWrite(dst io.Writer, buf []byte) (int64, error) {
-	nw, err := dst.Write(buf)
-	if nw < 0 || nw > len(buf) {
-		nw = 0
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		return int64(nw), err
-	}
-	if nw != len(buf) {
-		return int64(nw), io.ErrShortWrite
-	}
-	return int64(nw), nil
-}
-
-func isExpectedCopyError(err error) bool {
-	return errors.Is(err, errIdleTimeout) || netutil.IsExpectedError(err)
-}
-
-// halfClose attempts to half-close the write side of the connection.
-// If the connection does not support half-close, this is a no-op.
-func halfClose(conn net.Conn) {
-	if hc, ok := conn.(halfCloser); ok {
-		// Best-effort; the full close will follow shortly.
-		_ = hc.CloseWrite()
-	}
-}

proxy/internal/tcp/relay_test.go

@@ -13,8 +13,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/proxy/internal/netutil"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/netrelay"
 )
 
+func testRelay(ctx context.Context, logger *log.Entry, src, dst net.Conn, idleTimeout time.Duration) (int64, int64) {
+	return netrelay.Relay(ctx, src, dst, netrelay.Options{IdleTimeout: idleTimeout, Logger: logger})
+}
+
 func TestRelay_BidirectionalCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	srcClient, srcServer := net.Pipe()
 	dstClient, dstServer := net.Pipe()
@@ -41,7 +46,7 @@ func TestRelay_BidirectionalCopy(t *testing.T) {
 		srcClient.Close()
 	}()
 
-	s2d, d2s := Relay(ctx, logger, srcServer, dstServer, 0)
+	s2d, d2s := testRelay(ctx, logger, srcServer, dstServer, 0)
 
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(len(srcData)), s2d, "bytes src→dst")
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(len(dstData)), d2s, "bytes dst→src")
@@ -58,7 +63,7 @@ func TestRelay_ContextCancellation(t *testing.T) {
 
 	done := make(chan struct{})
 	go func() {
-		Relay(ctx, logger, srcServer, dstServer, 0)
+		testRelay(ctx, logger, srcServer, dstServer, 0)
 		close(done)
 	}()
 
@@ -85,7 +90,7 @@ func TestRelay_OneSideClosed(t *testing.T) {
 
 	done := make(chan struct{})
 	go func() {
-		Relay(ctx, logger, srcServer, dstServer, 0)
+		testRelay(ctx, logger, srcServer, dstServer, 0)
 		close(done)
 	}()
 
@@ -129,7 +134,7 @@ func TestRelay_LargeTransfer(t *testing.T) {
 		dstClient.Close()
 	}()
 
-	s2d, _ := Relay(ctx, logger, srcServer, dstServer, 0)
+	s2d, _ := testRelay(ctx, logger, srcServer, dstServer, 0)
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(len(data)), s2d, "should transfer all bytes")
 	require.NoError(t, <-errCh)
 }
@@ -182,7 +187,7 @@ func TestRelay_IdleTimeout(t *testing.T) {
 	done := make(chan struct{})
 	var s2d, d2s int64
 	go func() {
-		s2d, d2s = Relay(ctx, logger, srcServer, dstServer, 200*time.Millisecond)
+		s2d, d2s = testRelay(ctx, logger, srcServer, dstServer, 200*time.Millisecond)
 		close(done)
 	}()
 

proxy/internal/tcp/router.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/proxy/internal/accesslog"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/proxy/internal/restrict"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/proxy/internal/types"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/netrelay"
 )
 
 // defaultDialTimeout is the fallback dial timeout when no per-route
@@ -528,11 +529,14 @@ func (r *Router) relayTCP(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, sni SNIHost, route
 
 	idleTimeout := route.SessionIdleTimeout
 	if idleTimeout <= 0 {
-		idleTimeout = DefaultIdleTimeout
+		idleTimeout = netrelay.DefaultIdleTimeout
 	}
 
 	start := time.Now()
-	s2d, d2s := Relay(svcCtx, entry, conn, backend, idleTimeout)
+	s2d, d2s := netrelay.Relay(svcCtx, conn, backend, netrelay.Options{
+		IdleTimeout: idleTimeout,
+		Logger:      entry,
+	})
 	elapsed := time.Since(start)
 
 	if obs != nil {

util/netrelay/relay.go

@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+// Package netrelay provides a bidirectional byte-copy helper for TCP-like
+// connections with correct half-close propagation.
+//
+// When one direction reads EOF, the write side of the opposite connection is
+// half-closed (CloseWrite) so the peer sees FIN, then the second direction is
+// allowed to drain to its own EOF before both connections are fully closed.
+// This preserves TCP half-close semantics (e.g. shutdown(SHUT_WR)) that the
+// naive "cancel-both-on-first-EOF" pattern breaks.
+package netrelay
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// DebugLogger is the minimal interface netrelay uses to surface teardown
+// errors. Both *logrus.Entry and *nblog.Logger (via its Debugf method)
+// satisfy it, so callers can pass whichever they already use without an
+// adapter. Debugf is the only required method; callers with richer
+// loggers just expose this one shape here.
+type DebugLogger interface {
+	Debugf(format string, args ...any)
+}
+
+// DefaultIdleTimeout is a reasonable default for Options.IdleTimeout. Callers
+// that want an idle timeout but have no specific preference can use this.
+const DefaultIdleTimeout = 5 * time.Minute
+
+// halfCloser is implemented by connections that support half-close
+// (e.g. *net.TCPConn, *gonet.TCPConn).
+type halfCloser interface {
+	CloseWrite() error
+}
+
+var copyBufPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() any {
+		buf := make([]byte, 32*1024)
+		return &buf
+	},
+}
+
+// Options configures Relay behavior. The zero value is valid: no idle timeout,
+// no logging.
+type Options struct {
+	// IdleTimeout tears down the session if no bytes flow in either
+	// direction within this window. It is a connection-wide watchdog, so a
+	// long unidirectional transfer on one side keeps the other side alive.
+	// Zero disables idle tracking.
+	IdleTimeout time.Duration
+	// Logger receives debug-level copy/idle errors. Nil suppresses logging.
+	// Any logger with Debug/Debugf methods is accepted (logrus.Entry,
+	// uspfilter's nblog.Logger, etc.).
+	Logger DebugLogger
+}
+
+// Relay copies bytes in both directions between a and b until both directions
+// EOF or ctx is canceled. On each direction's EOF it half-closes the
+// opposite conn's write side (best effort) so the peer sees FIN while the
+// other direction drains. Both conns are fully closed when Relay returns.
+//
+// a and b only need to implement io.ReadWriteCloser; connections that also
+// implement CloseWrite (e.g. *net.TCPConn, ssh.Channel) get proper half-close
+// propagation. Options.IdleTimeout, when set, is enforced by a connection-wide
+// watchdog that tracks reads in either direction.
+//
+// Return values are byte counts: aToB (a.Read → b.Write) and bToA (b.Read →
+// a.Write). Errors are logged via Options.Logger when set; they are not
+// returned because a relay always terminates on some kind of EOF/cancel.
+func Relay(ctx context.Context, a, b io.ReadWriteCloser, opts Options) (aToB, bToA int64) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	go func() {
+		<-ctx.Done()
+		_ = a.Close()
+		_ = b.Close()
+	}()
+
+	// Both sides must support CloseWrite to propagate half-close. If either
+	// doesn't, a direction's EOF can't be signaled to the peer and the other
+	// direction would block forever waiting for data; in that case we fall
+	// back to the cancel-both-on-first-EOF behavior.
+	_, aHC := a.(halfCloser)
+	_, bHC := b.(halfCloser)
+	halfCloseSupported := aHC && bHC
+
+	var (
+		lastActivity atomic.Int64
+		idleHit      atomic.Bool
+	)
+	lastActivity.Store(time.Now().UnixNano())
+
+	if opts.IdleTimeout > 0 {
+		go watchdog(ctx, cancel, &lastActivity, &idleHit, opts.IdleTimeout)
+	}
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(2)
+
+	var errAToB, errBToA error
+
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		aToB, errAToB = copyTracked(b, a, &lastActivity)
+		if halfCloseSupported && isCleanEOF(errAToB) {
+			halfClose(b)
+		} else {
+			cancel()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		bToA, errBToA = copyTracked(a, b, &lastActivity)
+		if halfCloseSupported && isCleanEOF(errBToA) {
+			halfClose(a)
+		} else {
+			cancel()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	if opts.Logger != nil {
+		if idleHit.Load() {
+			opts.Logger.Debugf("relay closed due to idle timeout")
+		}
+		if errAToB != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(errAToB) {
+			opts.Logger.Debugf("relay copy error (a→b): %v", errAToB)
+		}
+		if errBToA != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(errBToA) {
+			opts.Logger.Debugf("relay copy error (b→a): %v", errBToA)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return aToB, bToA
+}
+
+// watchdog enforces a connection-wide idle timeout. It cancels ctx when no
+// activity has been seen on either direction for idle. It exits as soon as
+// ctx is canceled so it doesn't outlive the relay.
+func watchdog(ctx context.Context, cancel context.CancelFunc, lastActivity *atomic.Int64, idleHit *atomic.Bool, idle time.Duration) {
+	tick := max(idle/2, 50*time.Millisecond)
+	t := time.NewTicker(tick)
+	defer t.Stop()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case <-t.C:
+			last := time.Unix(0, lastActivity.Load())
+			if time.Since(last) >= idle {
+				idleHit.Store(true)
+				cancel()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// copyTracked copies from src to dst using a pooled buffer, updating
+// lastActivity on every successful read so a shared watchdog can enforce a
+// connection-wide idle timeout.
+func copyTracked(dst io.Writer, src io.Reader, lastActivity *atomic.Int64) (int64, error) {
+	bufp := copyBufPool.Get().(*[]byte)
+	defer copyBufPool.Put(bufp)
+
+	buf := *bufp
+	var total int64
+	for {
+		nr, readErr := src.Read(buf)
+		if nr > 0 {
+			lastActivity.Store(time.Now().UnixNano())
+			n, werr := checkedWrite(dst, buf[:nr])
+			total += n
+			if werr != nil {
+				return total, werr
+			}
+		}
+		if readErr != nil {
+			return total, readErr
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func checkedWrite(dst io.Writer, buf []byte) (int64, error) {
+	nw, err := dst.Write(buf)
+	if nw < 0 || nw > len(buf) {
+		nw = 0
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return int64(nw), err
+	}
+	if nw != len(buf) {
+		return int64(nw), io.ErrShortWrite
+	}
+	return int64(nw), nil
+}
+
+func halfClose(conn io.ReadWriteCloser) {
+	if hc, ok := conn.(halfCloser); ok {
+		_ = hc.CloseWrite()
+	}
+}
+
+// isCleanEOF reports whether a copy terminated on a graceful end-of-stream.
+// Only in that case is it correct to propagate the EOF via CloseWrite on the
+// peer; any other error means the flow is broken and both directions should
+// tear down.
+func isCleanEOF(err error) bool {
+	return err == nil || errors.Is(err, io.EOF)
+}
+
+func isExpectedCopyError(err error) bool {
+	return errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) ||
+		errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) ||
+		errors.Is(err, io.EOF) ||
+		errors.Is(err, syscall.ECONNRESET) ||
+		errors.Is(err, syscall.EPIPE) ||
+		errors.Is(err, syscall.ECONNABORTED)
+}

util/netrelay/relay_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+package netrelay
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// tcpPair returns two connected loopback TCP conns.
+func tcpPair(t *testing.T) (*net.TCPConn, *net.TCPConn) {
+	t.Helper()
+	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer ln.Close()
+
+	type result struct {
+		c   *net.TCPConn
+		err error
+	}
+	ch := make(chan result, 1)
+	go func() {
+		c, err := ln.Accept()
+		if err != nil {
+			ch <- result{nil, err}
+			return
+		}
+		ch <- result{c.(*net.TCPConn), nil}
+	}()
+
+	dial, err := net.Dial("tcp", ln.Addr().String())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	r := <-ch
+	require.NoError(t, r.err)
+	return dial.(*net.TCPConn), r.c
+}
+
+// TestRelayHalfClose exercises the shutdown(SHUT_WR) scenario that the naive
+// cancel-both-on-first-EOF pattern breaks. Client A shuts down its write
+// side; B must still be able to write a full response and A must receive
+// all of it before its read returns EOF.
+func TestRelayHalfClose(t *testing.T) {
+	// Real peer pairs for each side of the relay. We relay between relayA
+	// and relayB. Peer A talks through relayA; peer B talks through relayB.
+	peerA, relayA := tcpPair(t)
+	relayB, peerB := tcpPair(t)
+
+	defer peerA.Close()
+	defer peerB.Close()
+
+	// Bound blocking reads/writes so a broken relay fails the test instead of
+	// hanging the test process.
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(5 * time.Second)
+	require.NoError(t, peerA.SetDeadline(deadline))
+	require.NoError(t, peerB.SetDeadline(deadline))
+
+	ctx := t.Context()
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		Relay(ctx, relayA, relayB, Options{})
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	// Peer A sends a request, then half-closes its write side.
+	req := []byte("request-payload")
+	_, err := peerA.Write(req)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, peerA.CloseWrite())
+
+	// Peer B reads the request to EOF (FIN must have propagated).
+	got, err := io.ReadAll(peerB)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, req, got)
+
+	// Peer B writes its response; peer A must receive all of it even though
+	// peer A's write side is already closed.
+	resp := make([]byte, 64*1024)
+	for i := range resp {
+		resp[i] = byte(i)
+	}
+	_, err = peerB.Write(resp)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, peerB.Close())
+
+	gotResp, err := io.ReadAll(peerA)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, resp, gotResp)
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("relay did not return")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRelayFullDuplex verifies bidirectional copy in the simple case.
+func TestRelayFullDuplex(t *testing.T) {
+	peerA, relayA := tcpPair(t)
+	relayB, peerB := tcpPair(t)
+	defer peerA.Close()
+	defer peerB.Close()
+
+	// Bound blocking reads/writes so a broken relay fails the test instead of
+	// hanging the test process.
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(5 * time.Second)
+	require.NoError(t, peerA.SetDeadline(deadline))
+	require.NoError(t, peerB.SetDeadline(deadline))
+
+	ctx := t.Context()
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		Relay(ctx, relayA, relayB, Options{})
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	type result struct {
+		got []byte
+		err error
+	}
+	resA := make(chan result, 1)
+	resB := make(chan result, 1)
+
+	msgAB := []byte("hello-from-a")
+	msgBA := []byte("hello-from-b")
+
+	go func() {
+		if _, err := peerA.Write(msgAB); err != nil {
+			resA <- result{err: err}
+			return
+		}
+		buf := make([]byte, len(msgBA))
+		_, err := io.ReadFull(peerA, buf)
+		resA <- result{got: buf, err: err}
+		_ = peerA.Close()
+	}()
+
+	go func() {
+		if _, err := peerB.Write(msgBA); err != nil {
+			resB <- result{err: err}
+			return
+		}
+		buf := make([]byte, len(msgAB))
+		_, err := io.ReadFull(peerB, buf)
+		resB <- result{got: buf, err: err}
+		_ = peerB.Close()
+	}()
+
+	a, b := <-resA, <-resB
+	require.NoError(t, a.err)
+	require.Equal(t, msgBA, a.got)
+	require.NoError(t, b.err)
+	require.Equal(t, msgAB, b.got)
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("relay did not return")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRelayNoHalfCloseFallback ensures Relay terminates when the underlying
+// conns don't support CloseWrite (e.g. net.Pipe). Without the fallback to
+// cancel-both-on-first-EOF, the second direction would block forever.
+func TestRelayNoHalfCloseFallback(t *testing.T) {
+	a1, a2 := net.Pipe()
+	b1, b2 := net.Pipe()
+	defer a1.Close()
+	defer b1.Close()
+
+	ctx := t.Context()
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		Relay(ctx, a2, b2, Options{})
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	// Close peer A's side; a2's Read will return EOF.
+	require.NoError(t, a1.Close())
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("relay did not terminate when half-close is unsupported")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRelayIdleTimeout ensures the idle watchdog tears down a silent flow.
+func TestRelayIdleTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	peerA, relayA := tcpPair(t)
+	relayB, peerB := tcpPair(t)
+	defer peerA.Close()
+	defer peerB.Close()
+
+	ctx := t.Context()
+
+	const idle = 150 * time.Millisecond
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		Relay(ctx, relayA, relayB, Options{IdleTimeout: idle})
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("relay did not close on idle")
+	}
+
+	elapsed := time.Since(start)
+	require.GreaterOrEqual(t, elapsed, idle,
+		"relay must not close before the idle timeout elapses")
+	require.Less(t, elapsed, idle+500*time.Millisecond,
+		"relay should close shortly after the idle timeout")
+}